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船舶與海洋工程英語閱讀：船舶設(shè)計(jì)師
The Naval Architect 船舶設(shè)計(jì)師
A naval architect asked to design a ship may receive his instructions in a form ranging from such simple requirements as “an oil tanker to carry 100 000 tons deadweight at 15 knots” to a fully detailed specification of precisely planned requirements. He is usually required to prepare a design for a vessel that must carry a certain weight of cargo (or number of passengers ) at a specified speed with particular reference to trade requirement; high-density cargoes, such as machinery, require little hold capacity, while the reverse is true for low-density cargoes, such as grain.
Deadweight is defined as weight of cargo plus fuel and consumable stores, and lightweight as the weight of the hull, including machinery and equipment. The designer must choose dimensions such that the displacement of the vessel is equal to the sum of the dead weight and the lightweight tonnages. The fineness of the hull must be appropriate to the speed. The draft------which is governed by freeboard rules------enables the depth to be determined to a first approximation.
After selecting tentative values of length, breadth, depth, draft, and displacement, the designer must achieve a weight balance. He must also select a moment balance because centres of gravity in both longitudinal and vertical directions must provide satisfactory trim and stability. Additionally, he must estimate the shaft horsepower required for the specified speed; this determines the weight of machinery. The strength of the hull must be adequate for the service intended, detailed scantlings (frame dimensions and plate thicknesses ) can be obtained from the rules of the classification society. These scantings determine the requisite weight of hull steel.
The vessel should possess satisfactory steering characteristics, freedom from troublesome vibration, and should comply with the many varied requirements of international regulations. Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage, the factor on which harbour and other dues are based. (The gross tonnage represents the volume of all closed-in spaces above the inner bottom. The net tonnage is the gross tonnage minus certain deductible spaces that do not produce revenue. Net tonnage can therefore be regarded as a measure of the earning capacity of the ship, hence its use as a basis for harbour and docking charges. ) Passenger vessels must satisfy a standard of bulkhead subdivision that will ensure adequate stability under specified conditions if the hull is pierced accidentally or through collision.
Compromise plays a considerable part in producing a satisfactory design. A naval architect must be a master of approximations. If the required design closely resembles that of a ship already built for which full information is available, the designer can calculate the effects of differences between this ship and the projected ship. If, however, this information is not available, he must first produce coefficients based upon experience and, after refining them, check the results by calculation.
Training
There are four major requirements for a good naval architect. The first is a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of applied science, particularly those aspects of science that have direct application to ships------mathematics, physics, mechanics, fluid mechanics, materials, structural strength, stability, resistance, and propulsion. The second is a detailed knowledge of past and present practice in shipbuilding. The third is personal experience of accepted methods in the design, construction, and operation of ships; and the fourth, and perhaps most important, is an aptitude for tackling new technical problems and of devising practical solutions.
The professional training of naval architects differs widely in the various maritime countries. Unimany universities and polytechnic schools; such academic training must be supplemented by practical experience in a shipyard.
Trends in design
The introduction of calculating machines and computers has facilitated the complex calculations required in naval architecture and has also introduced new concepts in design. There are many combinations of length, breadth, and draft that will give a required displacement. Electronic computers make it possible to prepare series of designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design. Such a procedure is best carried out as a joint exercise by owner and builder. As ships increase in size and cost, such combined technical and economic studies can be expected to become more common.
(From “Encyclopedia Britannica”, Vol. 16, 1980)
Technical terms 術(shù)語
naval architect 造船工程(設(shè)計(jì))師
naval architecture造船(工程)學(xué)
instruction 任務(wù)書、指導(dǎo)書
oil tanker 油輪
deadweight 載重量
knot 節(jié)
specification 規(guī)格書，設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書
vessel 船舶
cargo 貨物
passenger 旅客
trade 貿(mào)易
machinery 機(jī)械、機(jī)器
hold capacity 艙容
consumable store 消耗物品
light weight 輕載重量、空船重量
hull 船體
dimension 尺度、量綱、維(數(shù))
displacement 排水量、位移、置換
tonnage 噸位
fineness 纖瘦度
draft 吃水
breadth 船寬
freeboard 干舷
rule 規(guī)范
tentative 試用(暫行)的
longitudinal direction 縱向
vertical direction 垂向
trim 縱傾
stability 穩(wěn)性
shaft horse power 軸馬力
strength 強(qiáng)度
service 航區(qū)、服務(wù)
scantling 結(jié)構(gòu)(件)尺寸
frame 肋骨
classification society 船級(jí)社
steering 操舵、駕駛
vibration 振動(dòng)
net register tonnage 凈登記噸位
harbour 港口
dues 稅收
gross tonnage 總噸位
deductible space 扣除空間
revenue 收入
docking 進(jìn)塢
charge 費(fèi)用、電荷
bulkhead 艙壁
subdivision分艙(隔)、細(xì)分
collision 碰撞
compromise 折衷、調(diào)和
coefficient 系數(shù)
training 培訓(xùn)
fluid mechanics 流體力學(xué)
structural strength 結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度
resistance 阻力
propulsion 推進(jìn)
shipbuilding 造船
aptitude (特殊)才能，適應(yīng)性
maritime 航運(yùn)，海運(yùn)
polytechnical school 工藝(科技)學(xué)校
academic 學(xué)術(shù)的
shipyard 造船廠
electronic computer 電子計(jì)算機(jī)
owner 船主，物主
encyclop(a)edia 百科全書
Additional Terms and Expressions 增補(bǔ)術(shù)語表達(dá)
the Chinese Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (CSNAME) 中國(guó)造船工程學(xué)會(huì)
the Chinese Society of Navigation中國(guó)航海學(xué)會(huì)
“Shipbuilding of China” 中國(guó)造船
Ship Engineering 船舶工程
China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) 中國(guó)船舶工業(yè)總公司
China offshore Platform Engineering Corporation (COPECO) 中國(guó)海洋石油平臺(tái)工程公司
Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA) 英國(guó)皇家造船工程師學(xué)會(huì)
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) 美國(guó)造船師與輪機(jī)工程師協(xié)會(huì)
Principle of naval architecture 造船原理
ship statics (or statics of naval architecture) 造船靜力學(xué)
ship dynamics 船舶動(dòng)力學(xué)
ship resistance and propulsion 船舶阻力和推進(jìn)
ship rolling and pitching 船舶搖擺
ship manoeuvrability 船舶操縱性
ship construction 船舶結(jié)構(gòu)
ship structural mechanics 船舶結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)
ship strength and structural design 船舶強(qiáng)度和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
ship design 船舶設(shè)計(jì)
shipbuilding technology 造船工藝
marine (or ocean) engineering 海洋工程
Notes to the Text 課文注釋
1.
range from A to B 的意思為“從A到B的范圍內(nèi)”，翻譯時(shí)，根據(jù)這個(gè)基本意思可以按漢語習(xí)慣譯成中文。例：
Lathe sizes range from very little lathes with the length of the bed in several inches to very large ones turning a work many feet in length.
車床有大有小，小的車床其車身只有幾英寸，大的車床能車削數(shù)英尺長(zhǎng)的工件。
2.
Such that 可以認(rèn)為是such a kind/value 等的縮寫，意思為“這樣的類別/值等……以至于……”。譯成中文是，可根據(jù)具體情況加以意譯。例：
The depth of the chain locker is such that the cable is easily stowed.
錨鏈艙的深度應(yīng)該使錨鏈容易存儲(chǔ)。
3.
Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage,the factor on which harbour and oyher dues are based.
Possessing an attractive appearance現(xiàn)在分詞短語，用作表示條件的狀語，意譯成“船舶除有一個(gè)漂亮的外形……”。一般說，如分詞短語謂語句首，通常表示時(shí)間、條件、原因等。
The factor on which…are based中的the factor是前面the minimum net register tonnage的銅謂語，而on which…are based是定語從句，修飾the factor。
4.
Electroniccomputers make it possible to prepare series id designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design.
句中的it是形式賓語，實(shí)際賓語為不定式短語 to prepare series of designs …和to assess the economic returns …
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