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高考英語語法動詞講解

時間:2022-10-30 08:29:30 考試英語 我要投稿
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高考英語語法動詞講解

  以下是小編為大家準(zhǔn)備的高考英語語法動詞講解,歡迎閱讀。

高考英語語法動詞講解

  動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

  【考點分析】

  1.對下列十種時態(tài)的考查:

  一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時 一般將來時 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 過去進(jìn)行時  現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 過去完成時 將來完成時 過去將來時

  2.既考查時態(tài)又考查語態(tài);

  3.考查動詞的及物與不及物;

  4.考查主動形式表示被動意義;

  5.考查動詞詞組在被動語態(tài)中的介詞問題;

  6.對被動語態(tài)習(xí)慣句型的考查。

  【知識點歸納】

  I.動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式

  主動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

  一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時

  do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時

  is/am/are doingwas/were doing

  現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時

  has/have donehad done

  現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時過去完成進(jìn)行時

  has/have been doinghad been doing

  一般將來時過去將來時

  will/shall do

  is/am/are going to do

  is/am/are(about)to dowould/should do

  was/were going to do

  was/were(about)to do

  被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

  一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時

  is/am/are donewas/were done

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時

  is/am/are being donewas/were being done

  現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時

  has/have been donehad been done

  一般將來時過去將來時

  will/shall be done

  is/am/are going to be done

  is/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be done

  was/were going to be done

  was/were(about)to be done

  II.動詞時態(tài)的用法

  1.一般現(xiàn)在時

 、僖话悻F(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實、格言,目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等;

  ②主句是一般將來時,時間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來;

  I’ll go there after I finish my work.

  If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.

  ③在以here,there開頭的句子里,go,come等少數(shù)動詞的一般在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作;

  There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車來了。Here she comes.她來了。

  注意:近幾年,對一般現(xiàn)在時的考查常用過去時態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)對考生進(jìn)行干擾

  Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_____ the Pacific,and we met no storm.

  A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called

  雖然航海發(fā)生在過去,但是,海洋的名稱不會因此而變化,所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時。

  2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時

  ①表示正在進(jìn)行的動作;

 、诒硎景从媱澃才偶磳l(fā)生的動作。

  She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。

  He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。

  My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個星期六我爸爸要來看我。

 、鄞嬉话悻F(xiàn)在時,描繪更加生動。

  The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。

  The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。

  ④與always, forever, constantly, continually連用,表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩,但并非強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行;

  He is always helping others.他總是肯幫助他人。

  She is always forgetting something.她老是忘記某些事情。

 、荽蠖鄶(shù)動詞可用于進(jìn)行時,但也有些動詞不用于進(jìn)行時。

  常見的有:

  ▲感覺類:look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear

  ▲情感類:like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear

  ▲心態(tài)類:wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt

  ▲所有類:have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。

  3.現(xiàn)在完成時

  ①表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果,或說話時已完成的動作;

  I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.

 、诒硎緩倪^去開始,待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段時間狀語連用;

  He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.

 、郾硎“曾經(jīng)到過某地(人已回來)”用“have/has been to”;

  表示“到某地去了(還未回來)”用“have/has gone to”。

  —Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.

  —She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.

 、茉跁r間狀語從句,條件狀語從句或讓步狀語從句中表達(dá)將來某時已經(jīng)完成的動作。

  When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.

  We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.

  注意:這里的現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)從句動作在主句動作之前完成, 如果兩個動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生, 則不必用完成時;試比較:

  I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.

  She will call you when she gets home.

  ⑤短暫動詞(即瞬間動詞),join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,

  break out等,在完成時態(tài)中,其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。

  要譯“他參軍已經(jīng)三年了”不能說:He has joined the army three years.可采用:

  ▲“ago法”:He joined the army three years ago.

  ▲“延續(xù)法”:He has been in the army for three years.

  ▲“since法”:It is/has been three years since he joined the army.

  注意:沒有包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)或不是截至“現(xiàn)在”為止的時間狀語不能與現(xiàn)在完成時連用, 但“in(over) the

  past/last+時間段”要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。

  4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時

 、儆脕肀硎緩倪^去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去)的動作;

  He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.

 、诜彩遣荒苡糜诂F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的動詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時。

  5.一般過去時

  ①表達(dá)特定的過去時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況,或過去某一時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或為;

  He often sang when he was a boy.

  He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.

 、谟糜贗 didn’t know…或I forgot…,表示事先不知道或不記得,但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。

  用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…,表示事先不知道或不記得,但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。

  I didn’t know you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道)

  Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書”已成為過去的事了)

  這一用法考生要特別注意。

  注意:參看過去將來時的用法②。

  6.過去進(jìn)行時

 、俦硎具^去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作(這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示);

  He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.

 、诒硎緞幼髟诹硪贿^去動作發(fā)生時進(jìn)行;

  They were still working when I left.

  ③用在兩個過去進(jìn)行時動作同時發(fā)生;

  I was writing while he was watching TV.

 、苓^去計劃、安排好的將來動作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);

  He said she was arriving the next day.

 、菖calways, forever, constantly, continually連用,表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。

  (參看現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的用法④)

  Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.

 、捱^去進(jìn)行時可用來描繪故事發(fā)行的背景。

  The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.

  7.過去完成時

 、俦硎驹谶^去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。

  He had shut the door before the dog came up.

  Everything had been all right up till this morning.

 、诒硎緞幼骰驙顟B(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻才完成,甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.

  ③過去未曾實現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose,wish, want等動詞)。

  I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.

  我本來想昨天拜訪你的,但是下雨(讓我不能來)。

  注意:

  ▲過去完成時必須以過去某一時刻為基點,即“過去的過去”。因此只有在和過去某時或某動作相比較時才用到它;

  ▲before, after本身表示時間的“前”“后”明顯,因此可用一般過去時代替過去完成時。

  He (had) left before I arrived.

  8.一般將來時

  一般將來時有下列一些構(gòu)成形式需要記住:

  ▲will/shall do (側(cè)重將來行為,不突出計劃安排去做某事)

  ▲be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)

  ▲be doing (按計劃將要發(fā)生,常和表示最近的將來時間連用)

  ▲be about to do (按計劃即將發(fā)生)

  一般將來時的用法:

 、佻F(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)

  Tom will come next week.

  He will be here tomorrow.

  ②事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢

  Oil will float in water.

  Fish will die without water.

 、蹖砟硞動作的安排、計劃

  He is going to speak on TV this evening.

  9.將來完成時

  用來表示在將來某個時刻(前)將完成的動作。常和by短語,when,before引起的時間狀語連用。

  We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.

  10.過去將來時

 、龠^去某一時刻后將要發(fā)生的過去動作或過去的意圖打算(主要用于賓語從句中);

  She was sure she would succeed.

  I thought you would come.

  把一般將來時中的助動詞變成過去式,便成了過去將來時的表達(dá)形式。

 、诒硎具^去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。

  When he was young, he would go swimming.

  注意:would與used to的區(qū)別:would只表示過去,不涉及現(xiàn)在,而used to表示“過去常常”要與現(xiàn)在比較,即現(xiàn)在不是這樣了。

  11.要求一定時態(tài)的固定的句型

  ①was/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事,這時突然……)

  I was reading a book when the bell rang.

  ②was/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事,這時突然……)

  We were about to leave when the telephone rang.

 、跧t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…

  It’s the first time I’ve seen her.

  We have been there three times.

  如果句中有比較確定的時間狀語,則服從時間狀語的要求。

  Last year I saw him many times.

 、躀t is/has been… since…

  It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.

  She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.

 、軭ardly… when…No sooner… than…

  Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.

  I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.

 、轎t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…

  This is the first time I have been here.

  It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.

  III.被動語態(tài)的用法

  被動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動作的承受者,也就是動作的對象,一般說來只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為"be+及物動詞的過去分詞"。助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化,其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變化為被動語態(tài)時,由"情態(tài)動詞(can, may must, have to等)+be +動詞的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,其構(gòu)成為"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +動詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成。

  1.被動語態(tài)的適用范圍

 、佼(dāng)我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者,或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時。這時不用by短語。

  This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。

 、跒榱藦(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時

  Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。

  ③出于策略、委婉、禮貌等不提出動作的執(zhí)行者

  You are said to be active recently. 據(jù)說你最近很活躍。

  常用于如下句型:

  It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 據(jù)說……

  It's reported that… 據(jù)報道…… It's not decided that…尚未決定

  It's believed that… 據(jù)認(rèn)為…… It's announced that…據(jù)宣布……

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