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職稱英語考試概括大意模擬試題
Intelligence: a Changed View
1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value therefore, was as a predictor of children’s future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age: and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.
2. Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years, research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates.
3. There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence. Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will measure innate intelligence, whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction.
4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 percent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between “privileged” and “disadvantaged” children4 may be due to the latter’s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences5.
5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see have to be learned and, indeed, one of them is learning how to learn.
6. The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on or school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes6, fewer children will be given the label “l(fā)ow IQ7” which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not we can teach the reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people.
詞匯：
entity n. 存在，實(shí)體
stream v. （根據(jù)能力把學(xué)生）分組
innate adj. 內(nèi)在的
interaction n. 相互作用
stimulation n. 激發(fā)，促進(jìn)
注釋：
1、…research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. : … … 科學(xué)研究對(duì)內(nèi)在智力可以衡量這一觀點(diǎn)以及智力的實(shí)質(zhì)本身都表示懷疑。
2、distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence: 區(qū)別基因智力和習(xí)得智力
3、 the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment: 遺傳所得和從環(huán)境所得到的激發(fā)兩者之間的相互影響，這里的兩個(gè)whatever 都相當(dāng)于what, 都引導(dǎo)了名詞性從句，分別作介詞of 和with 的賓語。
4、“privileged” and “disadvantaged” children : “有優(yōu)勢(shì)的”和“沒有優(yōu)勢(shì)的”孩子，privileged 原來的解釋是“有特權(quán)的”，disadvantaged 是“不利的”，實(shí)際上它們分別用于指家境富裕和家境貧困、尤其是黑人家庭的孩子。
5、lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences: 缺乏必要的語言刺激以及感性經(jīng)歷貧乏
6、comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes: 綜合教育以及混合編班的做法，comprehensive education 指具有不同能力的學(xué)生同在一校的，綜合的教育制度，和后面的development of unstreamed classes 是一脈相承的。
7、 IQ：智商，IQ是Intelligence Quotient 的縮寫。
8、condemn a child in his own, if not society’s eyes: 哪怕社會(huì)不把孩子看扁，他自己也把自己看扁了，condemn 這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是“譴責(zé)，判定… … 不合適、不足”的意思；in one’s eyes 是“在……的眼里”。
練習(xí)：
A Main Results of Recent Researches
B Popular Doubt about the New View
C Effect of Environment on Intelligence
D Intelligence and Achievement
F A Changed View of Intelligence
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