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2017年職稱英語概括大意試題及答案
�。ㄒ唬￤hy India Needs Its Dying Vultures
The vultures (禿鷹) in question may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp decline in three species of India's vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration, and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental problem. The dramatic__________(51) in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the__________(52) areas as the birds. It is also causing serious public health problems __________(53) the Indian sub-continent.
While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians, vultures have__________(54)played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India __________(55) It is because they feed on dead cows. In India, cows are sacred animals and are__________ (56) left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.
The disappearance of the vultures has __________(57) an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these__________ (58) animals. There are fears that rabies (狂犬癥) may increase as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately (最終) affect humans in the region, __________ (59) ild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species, __________(60) an even greater problem in the future.
The need for action is __________ (61), so an emergency project has been launched to find a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to__________ (62) the disease causing the birds' deaths and, if possible, develop a cure.
Large-scale vulture__________(63) were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined__________ (64)over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as "critically endangered". As most vultures lay only single eggs and__________ (65) about five years to reach maturity, reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.
51.A. increase
B. threat
C. risk
D. decline
52.A. small
B. different
C. same
D. safe
53.A. above
B. with
C. across
D. through
54.A. rarely
B. long
C. recently
D. seldom
55.A. dangerous
B. clean
C. smelly
D. beautiful
56.A. immediately
B. occasionally
C. hardly
D. traditionally
57.A. acted as
B. led to
C. come from
D. slowed down
58.A. dead
B. strange
C. wild
D. endangered
59.A. when
B. so
C. whether
D. since
60.A. improving
B. causing
C. predicting
D. finding
61.A. frequent
B. regular
C. urgent
D. sudden
62.A. identify
B. prove
C. test
D. check
63.A. injuries
B. deaths
C. arrivals
D. attacks
64.A. in
B. on
C. along
D. by
65.A. waste
B. consume
C. take
D. adopt
51.D�？疾樵~匯。題干：禿鷹數(shù)量的急劇__________ 給生活在__________ 地區(qū)的人們帶來破壞。從上下文語境來看，通篇文章都在敘述禿鷹瀕臨滅絕對印度環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響，而且文章的標(biāo)題中的dying vultures也提供了線索。decline符合上下文的意思，意為“禿鷹的數(shù)量在急劇減少”。increase與上下文的意思相反。故D為正確答案。
52.C。考查固定搭配。題干：禿鷹數(shù)量的急劇減少給生活在與鳥__________ 地區(qū)的人們帶來破壞。從上下文語境來看，禿鷹數(shù)量的急劇減少不僅是這些鳥類的災(zāi)難，對當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裢瑯右彩侨绱耍瑃he same as意為“和……一樣”，為固定搭配。故C為正確答案。
53.C�？疾榻樵~。題干：這也給__________ 印度次大陸帶來了公共健康的問題。從上下文語境來看，四個選項(xiàng)中只有across the Indian sub.continent(整個印度次大陸)符合題干，故C為正確答案。
54.B�？疾楦痹~。題干：雖然它們的聲譽(yù)和外觀可能對許多印度人是不愉快的，但是禿鷹__________ 在維護(hù)印度城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村的__________ 方面扮演了非常重要的角色。從上下文語境來看，四個選項(xiàng)代入后，long意為“長期以來一直起作用”，合乎上下文的意思，故B是正確答案。
55.B�？疾樵~匯。題干：雖然禿鷹的名聲不好，許多印度人也討厭其長相，但是長久以來，禿鷹在維護(hù)全印度的城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村的__________ 方面扮演了非常重要的角色。因?yàn)槎d鷹是以死牛為生。四個選項(xiàng)分別代入后，B選項(xiàng)clean(清潔的)符合題干要求，其他選項(xiàng)dangerous意為“危險的”，smelly意為“有臭味的”，beautiful意為“漂亮的”，均不符合題干要求，故B是正確答案。
56.D。考查詞匯。題干：在印度，牛是神圣的動物，因而死后__________ 露尸戶外，任其腐爛。露尸戶外是印度的傳統(tǒng)，所以此處填traditionally“傳統(tǒng)地”。選項(xiàng)immediately意為“立即地”，occasionally意為“偶爾地”，hardly意為“幾乎不”，都不通，因此D為正確選項(xiàng)。
57.B�？疾楣潭ù钆�。題干：禿鷹的消失—__________ 以__________ 動物為生的野狗數(shù)量暴增。表達(dá)的是因果關(guān)系。“the disappearance ofthe vultures”是因，“all explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains ofthese dead animals”是果，四個選項(xiàng)中只有l(wèi)ead to(導(dǎo)致)能表達(dá)這種因果關(guān)系，使題干很通順。因此B為正確選項(xiàng)。
58.A�？疾樵~匯。題干：禿鷹的消失導(dǎo)致以__________ 動物為生的野狗數(shù)量暴增。從上下文語境來看，應(yīng)該是死的動物，因此A為正確選項(xiàng)。
59.D�？疾闋钫Z從句。題干：這種可怕的疾病最終會影響當(dāng)?shù)氐木用瘢琠_________ 野狗是狂犬病的主要攜帶者。前后是因果關(guān)系，四個選項(xiàng)中只有since(由于，因?yàn)?能表達(dá)這種因果關(guān)系。因此D為正確選項(xiàng)。
60.B。考查詞匯。題干：狂犬病也可能傳播到其他生物，__________ 更大的問題。從上下文語境來看，前后為因果關(guān)系，所以B選項(xiàng)causing(導(dǎo)致)為正確答案。
61.C�？疾樵~匯。題干：采取行動的需求是__________ 。從上下文語境來看，空格后提到了“啟動了應(yīng)急項(xiàng)目”，可以推斷要選的形容詞是urgent(緊迫的)，意為“采取行動已刻不容緩”，故C為正確選項(xiàng)。
62.A。考查詞匯。題干：科學(xué)家們正試圖__________ 導(dǎo)致禿鷹死亡的疾病，如果可能的話，找到治愈該病的方法。四個選項(xiàng)分別代入后，identify(確定)比較符合語境，故A為正確選項(xiàng)。
63.B。考查詞匯。題干：在印度，人們注意到禿鷹的大批__________ 最早是在20世紀(jì)80年代。根據(jù)上下文語境，deaths可使全段的意思連貫，故B為正確選項(xiàng)。
64.D�？疾樵~匯。題干：根據(jù)當(dāng)時的物種調(diào)查顯示，三種禿鷹的數(shù)量減少了90%以上。四個選項(xiàng)中只有by有“到(某事物)的程度”的意思。故c為正確選項(xiàng)。
65.C。考查詞匯。題干：由于大部分禿鷹每次只產(chǎn)一只蛋，幼鷹__________ 大約5年的時間才能成熟，因此，若想遏制住禿鷹數(shù)量的下降會是一項(xiàng)長期的、艱巨的任務(wù)。“花費(fèi)或用多少時間”英語的常用的表達(dá)法是“take…days/months/years”，其他三個選項(xiàng)都不合適，故C為正確選項(xiàng)。
（二）Hurricanes (龍卷風(fēng))
(1) Did you know that before 1950, hurricanes had no names? They were simply given numbers. The first names were simply Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, etc. but in 1953, female names were given because of the unpredictability ( 不可預(yù)知 ) factor of the storms. In 1979,realizing the sexist (性別歧視的)nature of such names, the lists were expanded to include both men and women.
(2) Hurricanes and typhoons ( 臺風(fēng) ) are the same things. If they form in the Atlantic, we call these strong storms hurricanes, from the West Indian word hurricane, meaning "big wind". And if they are Pacific storms, they are called typhoons from the Chinese taifun, meaning "great wind". To be classified as a hurricane, the storm must have maximum winds of at least 75 mph.
These storms are big, many hundreds of miles in diameter.
(3) Hurricanes get their power from water vapor as it gives out its stored-up energy. All water vapor gives out heat as it condenses (凝結(jié)) from a gaseous state to a liquid state over fixed points on the equator(赤道). To make a hurricane, you must have extremely wet, warm air, the kind of air that can only be found in tropical region.
(4)Scientists have determined that the heat given out in the process of water condensation can be as high as 95 billion kilowatts per hour. In just one day alone, the storm can produce more energy than many industrialized nations need in an entire year! The problem is that we don't know how to make sure such great energy works for us.
5.Predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters. It moves at a typical speed of 15 mph. But not always. Some storms may race at twice this speed, then suddenly stop and remain in the same location for several days. It can be maddening ( 發(fā)瘋的 )if you live in a coastal area that may be hit.
6.The biggest advance in early detection is continuous watch from weather satellites. With these,we can see the storms form and track them fully, from birth to death. While they can still kill people and destroy property, hurricanes will never surprise any nation again.
23. Paragraph 1 __________
24. Paragraph 2 __________
25. Paragraph 4 __________
26. Paragraph 5 __________
A. Short history of naming hurricanes
B. Harnessing the hurricane energy
C. Difficulty in forecasting the course of a hurricane
D. Huge energy stored in a hurricane
E. Forecasting a hurricane through satellite watching
F. Different names for the same things
27. Both male and female names are used for hurricanes in consideration of__________
28. Using weather satellites can ensureof hurricanes.
29. Energy specialists may be interested inof hurricanes.
30. Scientists cannot accurately predict the course of a hurricane due to__________
A. the timely (及時的) discovery
B. convenience
C. sex equality
D. its connection with humans
E. the huge power
F. its uncertainty
23.A。該段中names反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，所以names是該段的核心詞，借助段首句和段末句的句意判斷，答案應(yīng)為A。
24.F。除了選項(xiàng)F以外，其余選項(xiàng)中的核心詞，如：harness，forecast，store，satellite等，在該段中均沒有出現(xiàn)。
25.D。該段落中“能量”一詞頻繁出現(xiàn)，所以該詞是該段的中心詞，故可以判斷答案為B和D的可能性很大。再借助段首句和段末句的句意判斷，答案應(yīng)為D。
26.C。段首句中就出現(xiàn)了“預(yù)測”(predicting)和“困難”(difficult)，所以被選項(xiàng)中C和E可能是答案選項(xiàng)，而E中的“衛(wèi)星”在該段落中根本沒有出現(xiàn)，所以C是正確答案。
27.C。題干：颶風(fēng)有著男性和女性的名字是考慮到__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第一段的最后一句“In 1979，realizing the sexist(性別歧視的)nature ofsuch names，the lists were expanded to include both men and women.”，故判斷答案為C(性別平等)。
28.A。題干：使用天氣衛(wèi)星能保證颶風(fēng)的__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第六段第二句：“With these，we can see the storms form and track them fully,from birth to death.”，所以答案為A。
29.E。題干：能源專家可能對颶風(fēng)的__________感興趣。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第四段最后兩句，由該處提到颶風(fēng)中包含的能量，可知答案為E。
30.F。題干：科學(xué)家們不能準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測颶風(fēng)的行程是因?yàn)開_________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第5段“Predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters.It moves at a typical speed of 15 mph.But not always.”，可知答案為F。
（三）Washoe Learned American Sign Language
(1) An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.
(2) Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?"
Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
(3) However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fours is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
(4) Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
(5) Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure--Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
23. Paragraph 1 __________
24. Paragraph 2 __________
25. Paragraph 3 __________
26. Paragraph 4 __________
A. Reason why not many scientists carry out this research nowadays
B. Report about Washoe's progress in leaming sign language
C. General information about Washoe
D. The Gardeners' contributions recognized
E. Debate on chimps' intelligence
F. Washoe's love for three young chimps
27. Washoe could make signs to communicate __________.
28. Some scientists doubted
29. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language
30. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent __________
A. if the Gardeners' argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F. while Washoe was learning sign language
23.C。第一段主要介紹黑猩猩Washoe的出生地、死亡年齡、被帶到美國學(xué)習(xí)美式手語等情況。用General Information about Washoe來概括是很準(zhǔn)確的。
24.B。第二段的關(guān)鍵句是：“In 1969，the Gardners described Washoe’s progress in a scientific report.”隨后的句子簡略介紹了Washoe的學(xué)習(xí)情況和結(jié)果，如已學(xué)會250個單詞，并能用手語表達(dá)“該吃飯了”等概念。所以選項(xiàng)B是正確答案。
25.E。第三段介紹了對Gardener夫婦發(fā)表的報告的兩種不同的解讀。一派認(rèn)為Washoe的手語能力只是機(jī)械重復(fù)、死記硬背、物質(zhì)激勵的結(jié)果，不是智能的表現(xiàn)。另一派認(rèn)為這是智能的表現(xiàn)，其證據(jù)是Washoe還能教三個小猩猩學(xué)習(xí)手語。爭論的焦點(diǎn)是黑猩猩有沒有智能。選項(xiàng)E用debate來概括上述爭論，很恰當(dāng)。
26.A。第四段解釋了為什么現(xiàn)在從事這項(xiàng)研究的科學(xué)家人數(shù)不多，部分原因是由于研究周期太長，所以答案為A。
27.C。題干：Washoe能通過手勢來交流__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段第四句，由該句可知答案為C。
28.A。題干：有些科學(xué)家懷疑__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段的上半段說了一些科學(xué)家對Gardener夫婦的實(shí)驗(yàn)的解讀所持懷疑態(tài)度。題干中出現(xiàn)的doubted引導(dǎo)我們選A。
29.D。題干：Washoe__________教三只年幼的黑猩猩標(biāo)志語言。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段的最后兩句，即“He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensbur9，Washington.There，Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees，which are still alive.”，所以答案為D。
30.E。題干：實(shí)驗(yàn)者認(rèn)為Washoe是有邏輯思維能力的__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段第四句：“She could request foods like apples and bananas.”根據(jù)全段意思和上述句子，選擇E是正確的。
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