成人高考專升本英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)資料
成人高考專升本的英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)大家知道哪些關(guān)鍵的考點(diǎn)嗎?接下來(lái)小編搜集了成人高考專升本英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)資料,僅供大家參考,希望幫助到大家。
第一部分:語(yǔ)氣的定義和種類
1、語(yǔ)氣(mood):語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2、語(yǔ)氣的種類
、、陳述語(yǔ)氣:表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的,用于陳述句、疑問(wèn)句和某些感嘆句。如:
、賂here are two sides to every question.每個(gè)問(wèn)題都有兩個(gè)方面。
、赪ere you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎?
、跦ow good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師。
、啤⑵硎拐Z(yǔ)氣:表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求或命令。如:
、貼ever be late again!再也不要遲到了。
②Don‘t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。
、恰⑻摂M語(yǔ)氣:表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí),而是說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。如:
、買(mǎi)f I were a bird,I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥(niǎo),我就能在空中飛行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過(guò)考試。
、跰ay you succeed!祝您成功!
第二部分:簡(jiǎn)單句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),表示說(shuō)話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語(yǔ)氣,常用于日常會(huì)話中。如:
、、Would you be kind enough to show methe way to the post office?請(qǐng)你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎?
⑵、It would be better for you not tostay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此時(shí)may須置于句首(多用于正式文體中)。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好運(yùn)!
、、May you be happy!祝你快樂(lè)!
、恰ay you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
、取ayyou have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us lastlong. 祝愿我們的友情天長(zhǎng)地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那個(gè)be)祝你幸福。
2、用動(dòng)詞原形。例如:
。1)、Long live the people!人民萬(wàn)歲!(2)、“Godbless you,”said the priest.牧師說(shuō):“愿上帝保佑你!”
(3)、Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快!
三、表示強(qiáng)烈愿望。(該類型虛擬語(yǔ)氣謂語(yǔ)僅用動(dòng)詞原形,第三人稱單數(shù)也不加“s”)
。1)、God save me. (2)、Heavenhelp us.
四、表命令
1.命令虛擬語(yǔ)氣只能用在第二人稱(you),而且通常省略主語(yǔ)(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號(hào):!
3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(Simple Present),如:work,be , go
4.否定形式的命令語(yǔ)氣,可用助動(dòng)詞do,加上not.
。1)、Work !
。2)、Workharder !
。3)、Be more alert 。ㄌ摂M語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞Be)
。4)、Yougo out !
。5)、Do not work so hard. (donot 表示否定的虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
。6)、Don't be afraid. (口語(yǔ)中常用don't代替do not)
五、在一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)中
如:(1)、You‘dbetter set off now.你最好現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)。
。2)、I‘drather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告訴你這個(gè)秘密。
第三部分:名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
第一節(jié):賓語(yǔ)從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
一、在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,常省去賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that.
一)、對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬(與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反):
從句用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)be和were(was),實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)Iknew the answer to the question.(wish,動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式knew)我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)
2. I wish it were springin my hometown all the year around.(wish,were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish,were)但愿我是只小鳥(niǎo)。(事實(shí)上不可能)
4. When she was at theparty,she wished she were at home.(wished,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)
5. Now that he is inChina,he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood)現(xiàn)在他在中國(guó),他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)
6. When we begin thetrip,they will wish they were with us.(willwish,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不和我們?cè)谝黄穑?/p>
二)、對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬(和過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反):
用wish表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí),或would,could,might+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)Ihadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)
2. He wishes he hadn'tlost the chance. 他真希望沒(méi)有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(其實(shí)已失去)
3. We wished he hadspoken to us. (wished,had + spoken)(事實(shí)上他并沒(méi)同我們講)
4. I wish you had calledearlier. (wish, had + called)(事實(shí)上已遲了)
5. They will wish theyhad listened to us sooner. (will wish,had+ listened)(事實(shí)上并不如此)
例題分析:I wish I ______ longerthis morning,but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B.sleptC. might have slept D. have slept
動(dòng)詞wish后面接從句,表達(dá)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)相反的情況時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即用過(guò)去式(表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)或過(guò)去完成式(表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)。本題后半句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞have用的是過(guò)去時(shí)had to get up and come,所以前面要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以,選項(xiàng)A)could have slept是答案
三)、對(duì)將來(lái)情況的虛擬(表示將來(lái)的主觀愿望):
從句動(dòng)詞"would/should/could/might+ 動(dòng)詞原形"(時(shí)間上較后)(請(qǐng)注意:主句和從句的主語(yǔ)不相同)。用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)事情的愿望。例:
1. I wish it would stopraining.(虛擬動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)
2. I wish you would bequiet.(would + be)我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)
3. You wished she wouldarrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天會(huì)到。(事實(shí)上她還沒(méi)到)
4. I wish she wouldchange her mind.(would + change)我希望她會(huì)改變主意。(呵呵,女孩子可沒(méi)那么容易就改變主意喔)
5. He will wish we wouldjoin him the following week.(would + join)(只是希望我們和他在一起,實(shí)際上還沒(méi)在一起)
四)、注意:
1.如果將wish改為過(guò)去式wished,其后that從句中的動(dòng)詞形式不變。例如:
I wished I hadn't spentso much money. 我要是那時(shí)沒(méi)有花掉那么多錢(qián)就好了。
2. 如果that從句中用would ,一般表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來(lái)有所改變或請(qǐng)求
I wish he would answermy letter. I wish prices would comedown. I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stopasking silly questions.
二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面的'賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
由于這些動(dòng)詞本身隱含說(shuō)話者的主觀意見(jiàn),認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣,這些詞語(yǔ)后面的“that”從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,且均以“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示這種語(yǔ)氣,但事實(shí)上“should”常被省略,故此從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形,常用的此類動(dòng)詞有:表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request,demand, require, beg表示“提議、勸告、建議”的:move,prpose, suggest, recommend,advise, vote表示“決定、命令”的:decide,order表示“主張”的:maintain,urge表示“同意、堅(jiān)持”的:consent,insist
例如:
1.The doctor suggestedthat he (should)try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should)tell him the news.
3.When I suggested thathe try shaving cream, he said,“Therazor and water do the job. ”(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時(shí),他說(shuō)“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued varioustheories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how itdid work.(他費(fèi)了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù),直到我建議拆開(kāi)看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。)
5.One can suggest thatstudents should spend two or three years in an English speaking country. (我們建議學(xué)生應(yīng)在說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的國(guó)家呆上兩三年。)
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣很普遍,其結(jié)構(gòu)如:
order,suggest, propose, require,demand, request, insist,command, insist +…… (should)do
6.I suggest that we (should)holda meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should)be sent there.
但注意:在insist 后的從句中,如果是堅(jiān)持自己,用陳述語(yǔ)氣,堅(jiān)持別人做什么事情,用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
8.she insists that sheis right.
9.she insisted that Ishould finish the work at once.
或者說(shuō),suggest,insist不表示建議或堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí),即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
10.The guard at gateinsisted that everybody obey the rules.
判斷改錯(cuò):
。ㄥe(cuò))11.You pale facesuggests that you (should)beill.
(對(duì))12.Your pale facesuggests that you are ill.
。ㄥe(cuò))13.I insisted that you (should)be wrong.
(對(duì))14.I insisted that youwere wrong.
例題分析:15.It is politelyrequested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played B.not be playedC. not to play D. did not play
全句意思是:“旅館管理部門(mén)懇請(qǐng)客人晚上11點(diǎn)后不要打開(kāi)收音機(jī)”。句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞request(請(qǐng)求)所引出的從句應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即動(dòng)詞原形或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”。本句的主語(yǔ)從句中,主語(yǔ)radio是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞play的客體,謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。所以,答案是C)not be played.在上述這類句子中不能用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)形式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,所以A)不正確。選項(xiàng)B)not to play是動(dòng)詞帶to的不定式,不能在句中作謂語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)D)did not play也是動(dòng)詞play的過(guò)去時(shí)形式,同樣不能在本句中作為虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)使用。而且,它是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式,而本題要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
練習(xí):
16)、Thechairman requested that .
。跘]the members studied more carefullythe problem[B]the problem was more carefulnessly studied
[C]with more carefulness the problemcould be studied[D]the members study the problem more carefully
17)、Thecommittee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
。跘]would be discussed[B]willbe discussed[C]be discussed[D]may be discussed
18)、Thedoctor insisted that his patient .
[A]that he not work too hard for threemonths[B]take it easy for three months
C]takingit easy inside of three months[D]to take some vacations for threemonths
三、在expect,believe,think,suspect等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問(wèn)形式后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
在expect,believe,think,suspect等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問(wèn)形式后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,我們經(jīng)常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形(或完成形式)”,表示驚奇,懷疑,不滿等。
I never thought that heshould be such a brave young soldier. 我們從來(lái)沒(méi)想到他是個(gè)如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。
練習(xí):
1)thatthe time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran,theywould be faced by a large army?
[A]It is believed[B]Shouldthey believe[C]They would believe[D]If they would believe
2)Ithink it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
。跘]will leave[B]mayleave[C]leave[D]leaves
四、would rather ,would sooner,had rather,would (just)as soon ,would prefer之后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
would rather ,would sooner, had rather, would (just)as soon,would prefer(希望)也用來(lái)表達(dá)主觀愿望,它們之后的賓語(yǔ)從句中需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái),用過(guò)去完成式表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。表示“寧愿做什么”或"對(duì)過(guò)去做的事的懊悔".
。1)、I would rather he cametomorrow than today.
(2)、John would rather thatshe had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3)、Don' t live in the world,Iwould rather( I would just as soon) you die.
。4)、I would rather you gotomorrow.
。5)、I would rathereverything hadn' t happened in the past.
。6)、The manager would ratherhis daughter did not work in the same office.經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。
。7)、To be frank,I'drather you were not involved in the case.坦率地說(shuō),我希望你不要卷入這件事。
。8)、You don't have to be insuch a hurry.I would rather you went on business first.你沒(méi)有必要這么著急,我寧愿你先去上班。
。9)、I'd rather you didn'tmake any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暫時(shí)先不要就此事發(fā)表意見(jiàn)。
。10)、Franklyspeaking ,I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地說(shuō),我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對(duì)此事什么也不要做。
。11)、Wouldn'tyou rather your child went to bed early?為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點(diǎn)上床呢?
注:
①若某人愿自己做某事,would rather后用動(dòng)詞原形Iwould rather stay at home today.
②would rather.……than.……中用動(dòng)詞原形Iwould rather stay at home than go out today.
五、“had hoped”后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
用“had hoped”表示原來(lái)希望做到而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情,其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。
I had hoped that shewould go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay inChina.我原本希望她到美國(guó)去念書(shū),但她說(shuō)她喜歡留在中國(guó)。
第二節(jié):主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
一、“It is (was)+形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞)+that……”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
在形如“It is (was)+形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞)+that……”結(jié)構(gòu)中,使用某些表示愿望、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其表達(dá)形式為should +動(dòng)詞原形或省略should直接用動(dòng)詞原形(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中省去should)
常用的形容詞:* natural (自然的),appropriate(適當(dāng)?shù)模,advisable (合適的),preferable (更可取的),better(更好的)* necessary (必須的),important (重要的),imperative(急需的),urgent (急迫的),essential (本質(zhì)的),vital(必不可少的)* probable (很可能的),possible (可能的)*desirable (極好的)advisable(合理的),compulsory(必須的),crucial(緊急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(驚人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(緊迫的)。
常用的過(guò)去分詞(Past Participle):*required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被請(qǐng)求的),desired (要求)* suggested (建議), recommended (推薦)*orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary thatwe (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.(necessary,should + have)(表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary thatwe (should)make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary,should+ make)(表示有必要事先做好準(zhǔn)備)
3. It is required thatnobody (should)smoke here.(required,should+ smoke)(表示要求不要在此抽煙)
4. It is important thatevery pupil (should)be able to understand therule of school.(important,should+ be)(表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))
5. It's important thatwe (should)take good care of the patient.(important,should+ take)(表示重要的是照顧好病人)
6. It is natural thatshe should do so. (形容詞natural,should+動(dòng)詞原形do)
7.It is essential thatthese application forms be sent back as early as possible.這些申請(qǐng)表應(yīng)盡早地寄回,這是很重要的。
8.It is vital thatenough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足夠的錢(qián),為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提供資金。
9.It is desired that we(should)geteverything ready this evening.希望我們今晚一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。
注:在上述所列形容詞后面用that引出的賓語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
10.I don't think itadvisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.湯姆缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn),指派他做這項(xiàng)工作我認(rèn)為是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
二、在Itis +名詞+that…的主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
在It is +名詞+that的主語(yǔ)從句中,常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示建議、命令、請(qǐng)求、道歉、懷疑、驚奇等。這類名詞有:advice ,decision ,desire,demand ,idea,motion ,order,pity,preference ,proposal,recommendation,requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等。⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent tostudy further abroad.我建議派他去國(guó)外進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)。
第三節(jié):虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中
當(dāng)某些表示建議、請(qǐng)求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其表達(dá)形式為should +動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。這類名詞常見(jiàn)的有:demand (要求),desire (請(qǐng)求),requirment(要求)advice (勸告),recommendation (建議),suggestion (建議)order (命令)necessity(必要地),preference (優(yōu)先)proposal (計(jì)劃),plan(計(jì)劃),idea (辦法),recommendation以及plan,idea,resolution等。
We are all for yourproposal that the discussion be put off.我們都贊成你提出的將討論延期的建議。
The suggestion that themayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone.由市長(zhǎng)頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)金的建議被每個(gè)人接受。
⑴、The advice is that we (should可省略,下同) leave at once.(名詞advice,should+ leave)(表示加以勸告)
、、My idea is that we (should)getmore people to attend the conference. (idea,should+ get)(表示做出主意)
、、I make a proposal that we (should)hold a meeting next week. (proposal,should + hold)(表示做出計(jì)劃)
、、The judge assented to the suggestionthat .
。跘]both of the criminals will soon beset freedom
[B]some of the criminals there are of guilt only
。跜]the girl was to be paroled in thecustody of a welfare society
[D]the prisoner be sentenced to death
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