考研英語資料

　  The World Bank　　世界銀行　　

      Right cause, wrong battle　　正確的起因,錯(cuò)誤的斗爭　　

      Why the World Bank s focus on gay rights ismisguided　　為何世界銀行對(duì)同性戀權(quán)利的關(guān)注是誤入歧途的　　

      JIM KIM, the president of the World Bank, wants itto promote gay rights. He has declared the fight to eliminate all institutionaliseddiscrimination to be an urgent task. He recently put on hold a $90m loan to Uganda shealth sector after its government introduced one of Africa s most draconian anti-gay laws.He has ordered an overhaul of the bank s lending policies to make sure that no loan assistsdiscrimination. At this week s Spring Meetings in Washington, DC, he is conveningdiscussions with gay activists on how best to do so.　　世界銀行總裁Jim Kim想要提高同性戀的權(quán)利。他曾宣稱消除所有制度化歧視的斗爭是一項(xiàng)緊急的任務(wù)。近日，本該流向?yàn)醺蛇_(dá)健康部門的一項(xiàng)九千萬美元的世行貸款由于烏干達(dá)政府引入一項(xiàng)反同性戀法而被Jim Kim擱置，該法律稱得上是非洲最苛刻的反同性戀法之一。Jim Kim已經(jīng)下令對(duì)世行所有的貸款政策進(jìn)行檢查，以確保沒有支持歧視的貸款出現(xiàn)。在本周于華盛頓召開的春季會(huì)議上，他召開了一場討論，與同性戀積極分子商討最行之有效的方法�！�

   　As an early proponent of gay marriage, this newspaper shares Mr Kim s sentiments. Bigotryis abhorrent and laws that entrench it should be condemned. Uganda s new law, whichallows a maximum sentence of life imprisonment for anyone convicted of homosexualityand requires citizens to report anyone suspected of being gay, is particularly awful.Nonetheless, Mr Kim s initiative is misguided. The World Bank is a technocratic developmentorganisation, not a place for political advocacy. Setting up gay rights as a test of its lendingdecisions is likely to make the bank less effective at what Mr Kim himself has emphasised isits core job: tackling extreme poverty.　　作為一個(gè)早期的同性戀婚姻支持方，《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》與Kim先生感情一致。世界不允許偏見，維系偏見的法律也應(yīng)當(dāng)受到譴責(zé)。烏干達(dá)的新法不僅允許對(duì)同性戀實(shí)行終身監(jiān)禁這一最高刑罰，還要求市民對(duì)任何可能的同性戀進(jìn)行舉報(bào)，這是尤其可怕的。然而，Kim先生發(fā)起的行動(dòng)還是被誤導(dǎo)了。世行是一個(gè)技術(shù)主導(dǎo)的發(fā)展組織而不是用作政治倡議的。設(shè)置同性戀權(quán)利作為其貸款政策的檢測關(guān)卡可能會(huì)使得世行在消除極端貧困問題的效率上大打折扣，Kim先生曾經(jīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)這是世行的核心任務(wù)。　

  　The bank s technocratic approach is a big part of its DNA. Its founding documents prohibitpolitical activity, however unpleasant a regime might be. Only economic considerationsshould be relevant to lending decisions. That does not, by itself, preclude it from opposingnasty laws. You can draw a link from fighting bigotry to alleviating poverty. Unfair treatmentof groups of people, whether on the basis of gender, race or sexuality, leads to their socialexclusion, which in turn is likely to harm economic growth and make it harder to alleviatepoverty. By this logic the bank has, rightly, long been pushing for the education of girls. Thefight against other forms of discrimination can be justified on the same economic grounds.　　世行的技術(shù)解決論在該組織的特色中扮演了一個(gè)重要的角色。它的`創(chuàng)建文獻(xiàn)就寫明禁止政治活動(dòng)，無論哪個(gè)國家有多么不高興。只有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的考量應(yīng)當(dāng)與貸款決策有關(guān)。這本身并不排斥它反對(duì)一些齷齪的法律。從反抗偏見到減輕貧困，人人都能看到之間的聯(lián)系。群體性的不公平待遇，不管是基于性別、種族還是性征，都會(huì)導(dǎo)致社會(huì)的排斥，這反過來又可能損害經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，使得減輕貧困的道路愈加艱難。正是由于這一邏輯關(guān)系，世行長期以來正確地推動(dòng)了女孩教育。對(duì)其他形式歧視的抗?fàn)幰不�于同樣的�?jīng)濟(jì)原理而合乎情理。　　

        A rainbow of reasons　　原因一籮筐　　

        But even if it can be justified in principle, Mr Kim s focus on gay rights is likely to becounterproductive in practice, for three reasons. First, it seems capricious. Uganda ishardly the only country with anti-gay laws on the books; nor is it the only one to haverecently toughened its anti-gay stance. Almost 80 of the bank s member countries, includingmost in Africa, have legislation that discriminates against gays. In many places the laws areignored, but several places, notably Ethiopia and Nigeria, have recently introduced stifferanti-gay statutes. Uganda s behaviour is odious. But it is not alone.　　但是，就算大體上合乎情理，Kim先生對(duì)同性戀權(quán)利的關(guān)注還是有可能在實(shí)踐中事與愿違。這出于三個(gè)原因。第一，問題反復(fù)無常。烏干達(dá)不是唯一將反同性戀法合法化的國家，也不是近期唯一強(qiáng)調(diào)反同性戀立場的國家。包括非洲多數(shù)國家在內(nèi)的近80個(gè)世行的成員國都有歧視同性戀的法律。這些法律在很多地方被忽視，但是在有些地方尤其是埃塞俄比亞和尼日尼亞，最近都出臺(tái)了更嚴(yán)苛的反同性戀法令。烏干達(dá)的做法令人不齒，但它不是唯一有如此行為的國家。　　

        Second, the stress on gay rights itself seems arbitrary. Of the many forms of bigotry thebank could battle, it is not clear that anti-gay laws are the most harmful to the poor. Thebank lends to plenty of places that discriminate against women under Islamic law. It alsolends to countries with laws that discriminate against minorities. The economic impact ofthese forms of bigotry is far bigger. But if Mr Kim tries to tackle all institutionaliseddiscrimination by withholding lending, he will soon have no customers left.　　第二，強(qiáng)調(diào)同性戀權(quán)利本身看來就很武斷。在多種形式的世行可以選擇對(duì)抗的偏見中，并不清楚反同性戀法對(duì)窮人造成的傷害就是最大的。世行為很多在伊斯蘭法律下歧視女性的地域提供貸款，它也為存在歧視少數(shù)民族法律的國家貸款。這些形式的偏見造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)危害更大。然而Kim現(xiàn)實(shí)試圖通過扣貸款的方式來解決一切制度歧視，他很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他的客戶都所剩無幾了�！�

    　Third, his approach is likely to backfire. In the short term, it weakens the campaign tolessen poverty. Uganda s loan, designed to support maternal-care clinics, was theequivalent of 20% of its health budget. And it still has a high child-mortality rate.Politically, the pressure from Mr Kim, though winning plaudits in Washington, is havingperverse results, where it matters most. Uganda s government declares itself to be standingup against the arrogant imposition of Western values. The more the World Bank adds suchconditions to its lending, the more African countries will be inclined to seek money elsewhere,not least from the no-questions-asked Chinese.　　第三，他的策略可能適得其反。短期來說，它將削弱消除貧困的行動(dòng)。烏干達(dá)的貸款是用來援助當(dāng)?shù)禺a(chǎn)科診所的，它相當(dāng)于該國衛(wèi)生預(yù)算的20%�，F(xiàn)在，烏干達(dá)的兒童死亡率還是高居不下。從政治上來說，Kim先生面臨的壓力正在引發(fā)反常的結(jié)果。盡管他在華盛頓會(huì)議這一舉足輕重的場合還是贏得了一片喝彩。烏干達(dá)政府聲明反對(duì)粗魯傲慢的西方價(jià)值觀的輸入。世行對(duì)該國的貸款施加的條件越多，有意從其他渠道尋求資金的非洲國家就會(huì)越多，它們尤其可能從不問問題的中國尋求幫助�！�

   　The uncomfortable truth is that an economic institution like the bank has to pick itsbattles. There is a limit to how many conditions outsiders can attach to their aid. Its aim is toencourage economic development. Most of the evidence is that the bank is most effectivewhen client countries see it as an economic partner, rather than a boss imposing a Westernagenda.　　像世界銀行這樣的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)必須選擇好戰(zhàn)斗方向，這一事實(shí)令人不快。外界在援助同時(shí)附加的條件是有限度的。世行的目標(biāo)是推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。多數(shù)證據(jù)表明，會(huì)員國將世行看作經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴而不是強(qiáng)加西方思想的老大才會(huì)讓世行更加有效率。　

   　Ironically, at one level, Mr Kim seems to realise that. He is sponsoring a big managementreform designed to make the bank better at finding the most promising solutions fromaround the world to help countries develop faster. Launching a battle for gay rights maysalve consciences, but will make it harder to achieve that goal.　　很諷刺的是，從一種層面上，Kim先生似乎意識(shí)到了這一點(diǎn)：他正在發(fā)起一個(gè)大型的管理改革，用來使世行在尋找全球范圍內(nèi)幫助國家更快速發(fā)展的最有希望的解決方案上做得更好。發(fā)起針對(duì)同性戀權(quán)利的斗爭可能會(huì)安撫人心，但會(huì)使得上述目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)變得更加艱難。　　

       詞語解釋　　

       1.focus on 集中于,集中研究　　Many of these funds only focus on longer datedfutures contracts.　　這些基金很多只關(guān)注期限較長的期貨合約。　　Do entrepreneurs put enough focus on customerrelationships?　　創(chuàng)業(yè)者給予客戶關(guān)系的重視足夠嗎?　　

       2.make sure 確保,確信　　Finally, make sure you are living your life.　　最后，確定正視自己的生活�！　�And we all had a tasting because we wanted to make sure people felt okay with that.　　而且，我們都嘗了嘗，想確定所有人都滿意�！　�

       3.require to 要求　　Drain piping may require to be protected against freezing.　　泄水管要求有防凍保護(hù)措施�！　�These objects require to be quarantined on the spot.　　這些物品需要進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場檢疫�！�

    　4.relevant to 有關(guān)的　　Thus far there are three preliminary stories relevant to the brain.　　到現(xiàn)在為止有三個(gè)與大腦有關(guān)的表述�！　�And anyway, say employers, appearance is often relevant to the job at hand.　　但不管怎樣，雇主們說，外表經(jīng)常與手頭上的工作有關(guān)。

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