2018考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)題
復(fù)習(xí)題一：
It was a big week for Alzheimer's disease， and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting， a first-rate documentary about Alzheimer's worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time. There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer's， as well as to the baby-boom generation that's up next. Unless something dramatic happens， the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple， to about 16 million， over the next 50 years. There's still no cure in sight， but there is progress on several fronts. Among them：
MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C， both antioxidants， help stave off Alzheimer's， at least in folks who haven't already developed the disorder. What they didn't know——but a big study involving 4，740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed——was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses (at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer's a remarkable 78%.
COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer's patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain's chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease. Patients who were being treated with donepezil (sold as Aricept)， an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine， were also given memantine (Namenda)， a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate. The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone， providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's， according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
BRAIN IMAGING Finally， scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer's patients with positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see telltale plaque deposits. Before now， doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died， when the brain could be autopsied. Using the new technique， doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear.
None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer's disease. If you or your loved ones are concerned， the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor. Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer's， and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early. Also， remember the old adage “use it or lose it.” Mental exercise——reading， doing crossword puzzles， playing chess or Scrabble——is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 2/2/2004， p78-78， 2/3p， 2c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象第1題模仿2002年text 4第1題;第2題模仿1994年真題text 2 第3題;第3模仿2002年真題text 3 第3題，第4—5題模仿2004年text 3第4，5題;
1. From the first paragraph， we learn that_________.
[A] the baby-boom generation will not suffer from Alzhemer‘s disease
[B] recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims
[C] the week was very important for Alzheimer‘s because a documentary about it was shown on PBS
[D] the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimer‘s disease can be cured
2. The phrase “stave off” (line 1， paragraph 2) most probably means “________”。
[A] getting
[B] treating
[C] curing
[D] preventing
3. The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ____________.
[A] combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment
[B] donepezil helps blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate
[C] combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimer‘s
[D] Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately
4. Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzhemer‘s?
[A] Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain.
[B] Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died.
[C] Because it helps doctors see the plaque desposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain.
[D] Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease.
5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] Alzhemer‘s disease can be cured thanks to the new advances.
[B] Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise.
[C] Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimer‘s from curable memory lapses， which can be treated if found in an early phase.
[D] Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes.
答案：B D D A C
復(fù)習(xí)題二：
Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America， but this year's is a whopper. Until last week， it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities， concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool， barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight， the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half——and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated， they're now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. “This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply，” says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information， “and the lack of redundancy in our system.”
Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine， a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg， then crack the egg， harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow， demand is fickle and， because each year's flu virus is different， any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result， the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)——and when one of them runs into trouble， there isn't much the other can do about it. “A vaccine maker can't just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs，” says Manon Cox， of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. “There's a whole industry that's scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time.”
Sleeker technologies are now in the works， and experts are hoping that this year's fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures——a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way， but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy， and one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.
For America， the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That's nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand， but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact， many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign——encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 10/18/2004， p57-57， 2/3p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象1—4題模仿1997年真題text 3，第5題模仿1997年真題text 4的第四小題;
1. Shortages of flue vaccine show that ____.
[A] America relies too much on foreign suppliers
[B] the demand of flue vaccines is high this year
[C] quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production
[D] the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up
2. The word “cleared” (Line 5， Paragraph 3) might mean ____.
[A]permitted
[B]removed
[C]proved
[D]produced
3. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ____.
[A]complicated process， high cost， low profit and high risk
[B]shortages of fertilized chicken eggs
[C]difficulty in growing live virus
[D]fast changing of flu virus
4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ____.
[A] the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions
[B] more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year
[C] America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year
[D] normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year
5. According to the passage， which of the following is TRUE?
[A] All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.
[B] The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.
[C] More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.
[D] Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.
答案：D A A B B
復(fù)習(xí)題三：
At 18， Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the “bubble-boy disease，” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent)， she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source， in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992， she is completely healthy with normal immune function， according to one of the doctors who treated her， W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. “There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease，” Anderson says， “within 50 years.”
It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005， and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. “The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse，” says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. “The cargo is the gene.”
At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center， immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University， researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia， researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.
But somehow， things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment， patients show a response at first， but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999， when Jesse Gelsinger， an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder， died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer， researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a “marathon mouse” by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already， officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “gene doping.” But the principle is the same， whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea，” says Crystal. “And eventually it's going to work.”
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek;12/6/2004， p55-55， 2/3p， 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象： 第1、2題分別模仿2003年真題text1的第2題和第1題;第3、4題分別模仿2004年真題text1的第5 題和第3題;第5題模仿2002年真題text3的第5題;
1. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________.
[A] show the promise of gene-therapy
[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
[D] explain how gene-based treatment works
2. Anderson‘s early success has ________________.
[A] greatly speeded the development of medicine
[B] brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy
[C] promised a cure to every disease
[D] made him a national hero
3. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.
[B] Despite the huge funding， gene researches have shown few promises.
[C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.
[D] Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.
4. The word “tarnish” (line 5， paragraph 4) most probably means ____________.
[A] affect
[B] warn
[C] trouble
[D] stain
5. From the text we can see that the author seems ___________.
[A] optimistic
[B] pessimistic
[C] troubled
[D] uncertain
答案：A B C D A
復(fù)習(xí)題四：
When Ellen M. Roche， 24， volunteered for the asthma experiment， she didn't expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical trials， in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them， this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out， scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop.
The worst part is that Hopkins， one of the nation's premier medical institutions， is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened， understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess)， how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported， and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported，” says Adil Shamoo， a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski， head of OHRP， has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.”
The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week， OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity， even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board， OHRP charges， never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about possible lung toxicity.
Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers， and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still， the university——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2，000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething. “Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials，” says Dr. Edward Miller， CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death， but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted， unnecessary， paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens， says a government spokesman， depends on Hopkins.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 7/30/2001， p36;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2005年真題Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]explaining a phenomenon
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]stating an incident
[D]making a comparison
2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line
1， Paragraph 3) implies that
[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.
[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.
[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.
[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.
3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following， except that _______.
[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up
[B]the review board has neglected their duty
[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers
[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked
4. The OHRP has found that
[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.
[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.
[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.
[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.
[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP
[C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.
[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.
答案：CBACB
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