考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解備考試題

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2018考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解備考試題

　　備考試題一：

2018考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解備考試題

　　I had two routine checkups last week， and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to my health history for their records. Their requests made sense. Health-care providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they're taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications.

　　On each history， however， the section labeled FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY gave me pause. Few diseases are purely genetic， but plenty have genetic components. If my father suffered from elevated LDL， or bad cholesterol， my doctor should know that， because I'm probably at higher risk. If my mother had breast cancer， my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant.

　　While I know something about the history of my parents' health-my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease， and my mother died of lung cancer-there's plenty I don't know. What were my parents' cholesterol numbers and blood pressures? I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes， but I can't swear to that. And when it comes to my grandparents， whose genes I also have， I'm even more in the dark.

　　That makes me fairly typical. According to Dr. Richard Carmona， the U.S. Surgeon General， only about a third of Americans have even tried to put together a family-health history. That's why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day. Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you're supposed to be giving thanks for everything that's going right. But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway， it's a perfect time to create a medical family tree.

　　And the Surgeon General is making it easy： if you go to hhs.gov/familyhistory， you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families， which ones you should be most and least worried about， and what to do if， like me， your parents and grandparents have passed away. You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait， which helps you organize the information. The program prints that out in a easy-to-read form you can give to your doctors.

　　The website insists the software is “fun”， but that may be going a bit far. In any case， it's available only for Windows machines， so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree. It's worth it， though， since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday.

　　注(1)：本文選自Time; 11/22/2004， p100;

　　注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象為2005年真題Text 1;

　　1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by

　　[A] posing a contrast.

　　[B] justifying an assumption.

　　[C] explaining a phenomenon.

　　[D] making a comparison.

　　2. The statement “I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes， but I can't swear to that.” (Line 4， Paragraph 3) implies that

　　[A] only one of them suffered from diabetes.

　　[B] neither of them suffered from diabetes.

　　[C] both of them suffered from diabetes.

　　[D] it's uncertain whether they suffered from diabetes or not.

　　3. Family health report is very important because

　　[A] you can be careful about some disease and keep fit.

　　[B] you are connected with your parents and your grandparents.

　　[C] many diseases are genetic and should be noticed.

　　[D] you should be considerate and care about your parents.

　　4. Dr. Richard Carmona suggests that

　　[A] you should present your doctor with a medical history.

　　[B] you should print out your family's medical history.

　　[C] you should gather your family's medical history.

　　[D] you should give thanks for everything that is going right.

　　5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

　　[A] The software is fun enough.

　　[B] Family medical tree shouldn't be neglected.

　　[C] The software is not available anywhere.

　　[D] It is worthwhile to draw a family tree.

　　答案：C B A C B

　　備考試題二：

　　Depending on whom you ask， the experiment announced at a Texas medical conference last week was a potential breakthrough for infertile women， a tragic failure or a dangerous step closer to the nightmare scenario of human cloning.

　　There's truth to all these points of view. Infertility was clearly the motivation when Chinese doctors used a new technique to help one of their countrywomen get pregnant. Unlike some infertile women， the 30-year-old patient produced eggs just fine， and those eggs could be fertilized by sperm. But they never developed properly， largely because of defects in parts of the egg outside the fertilized nucleus. So using a technique developed by Dr. James Grifo at New York University， Dr. Zhuang Guanglun of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou took the patient's fertilized egg， scooped out the chromosome-bearing nuclear material and put it in a donated egg whose nucleus had been removed. In this more benign environment， development proceeded normally， and the woman became pregnant with triplets who carried a mix of her DNA and her husband's——pretty much like any normal baby.

　　What has some doctors and ethicists upset is that this so-called nuclear-transfer technique has also been used to produce clones， starting with Dolly the sheep. The only significant difference is that with cloning， the ed nucleus comes from a single， usually adult， cell， and the resulting offspring is genetically identical to the parent. Doing that with humans is ethically repugnant to many. Besides， for reasons that aren't yet well understood， cloned animals often abort spontaneously or are born with defects; Dolly died very young， though she had seemed healthy. And because the Chinese woman's twins were born prematurely and died (the third triplet was removed early on to improve chances for the remaining two)， critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans.

　　Not likely， says Grifo. “The obstetric outcome was a disaster，” he admits， “but the embryos were chromosomally normal. We have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure.” Even so， concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001——a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China， where it was subsequently banned (but only this month， long after Zhuang's patient became pregnant)。

　　The bottom line， say critics， is that perfecting a technique that could be used for human cloning， even if it were developed for another purpose， is just a bad idea——an assertion Zhuang rejects. “I agree that it makes sense to control these experiments，” he says. “But we've developed an effective technology to help people. We understand how to do it. We need it.”

　　注(1)：本文選自Time; 10/27/2003， p47;

　　注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2003年真題Text 4;

　　1. What is implied in the first paragraph?

　　[A]Some people regard it as a tragic failure.

　　[B]The new experiment means a breakthrough for some people.

　　[C]People have different reactions to the new experiment.

　　[D]The new experiment means a step further to the dangerous human cloning.

　　2. The author uses the case of Dolly and the Chinese pregnant woman to show that _________.

　　[A]both nuclear-transfer and cloning are dangerous for humans and animals

　　[B]both of them benefit from the new technique

　　[C]both of them are the examples of technical failure

　　[D]both of them are the fruits of the new technology

　　3. Zhuang‘s attitude toward the critics’ conclusion is one of __________.

　　[A]reserved consent

　　[B]strong disapproval

　　[C]slight contempt

　　[D]enthusiastic support

　　4. The only difference existing between nuclear-transfer and cloning technique is ________.

　　[A]whether it is used for research or for helping the infertile

　　[B]whether the offspring looks like the parent

　　[C]whether it is used in animals or human beings

　　[D]whether the ed nucleus comes from a single and usually adult cell

　　5. The text intends to express the idea that _________.

　　[A]research of cloning has potential risks

　　[B]the research of cloning should be stopped totally

　　[C]ethics and research of cloning are in contradiction

　　[D]researchers should have the right to continue the study of cloning

　　答案：CABDC

　　備考試題三：

　　A widely heralded but still experimental cancer-fighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans： heart disease and stroke. That was the implication of a remarkable report published last week in the journal Circulation by a team of researchers from Dr. Judah Folkman's laboratory at the Children's Hospital in Boston.

　　The versatile compound is endostatin， a human protein that inhibits angiogenesis， the growth of new blood vessels in the body. In tests reported in 1997 by Folkman， a prominent cancer researcher who pioneered the study of angiogenesis， the drug had reduced and even eradicated tumors in laboratory mice. How? By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors.

　　When news of Folkman's achievement became widely known last year， it led to wildly exaggerated predictions of imminent cancer cures. When other scientists were initially unable to duplicate those results， questions arose about the validity of Folkman's research. Then in February scientists at the National Cancer Institute， with guidance from Folkman， finally matched his results. Reassured， the N.C.I. gave the go-ahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors.

　　How can a drug that is apparently effective against tumors also reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke? The answer lies in the composition of plaque， the fatty deposit that builds up in arteries and can eventually clog them. Plaque consists of a mix of cholesterol， white blood cells and smooth muscle cells， and as it accumulates， a network of capillaries sprouts from the artery walls to nourish the cells. Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque?

　　A Folkman lab team led by Dr. Karen Moulton decided to find out. The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16-week “Western diet” that was high in fat and cholesterol， then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta， the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Meanwhile， they injected one group of mice with endostatin， another with a different blood-vessel inhibitor called TNP-470 and a control group with an inert saline solution. Twenty weeks later the researchers again measured plaque in the mouse aortas. The results were startling： the endostatin group averaged 85% less plaque buildup and the TNP-470 group 70% less than those in the control group.

　　All too aware of the premature hopes raised last year after Folkman's tumor report， the researchers have been careful not to oversell the new results. “If this finding is supported in future studies，” says Moulton， “[it could open the way for] treatments that could delay the progression of heart disease and possibly reduce the incidence of heart attacks and strokes.” But any such treatments， she stresses， are probably five to 10 years away.

　　注(1)：本文選自Time; 04/19/99， p48;

　　注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2004年真題Text 1;

　　1. What did the report indicate?

　　[A]A very important drug is now at experimental stage.

　　[B]Heart disease and stroke are the most serious threats to Americans.

　　[C]The tumor drug can be used for the heart disease in the future.

　　[D]Many Americans suffer from heart disease and stroke.

　　2. Why did the N.C.I. agree to have clinical trials of endostatin on the patients?

　　[A]They were convinced of the Folkman's research.

　　[B]They can do such a research as well as Folkman.

　　[C]The patients with advanced tumors need the drug.

　　[D]The drug should be proved effective on humans.

　　3. The expression “stunting the growth of capillaries”(Line 8， Paragraph 2) most probably

　　means _______.

　　[A]help the growth of capillaries

　　[B]limit the growth of capillaries

　　[C]improve the growth of capillaries

　　[D]prevent the growth of capillaries

　　4. Why can the tumor drug be used for the heart?

　　[A]It can accumulate a network of capillaries and nourish the cells.

　　[B]It can stop the growth of capillaries and provide no nourishment for plaque.

　　[C]The curing method of tumor and heart disease is the same.

　　[D]The tumor and heart disease are made up of the same substance.

　　5. Which of the following is true according to the text?

　　[A]Folkman's tumor report had been exaggerated.

　　[B]The tumor drug is not as effective as what has been expected.

　　[C]The new results of the research are far more encouraging.

　　[D]Researchers still have a long way to go to make another successful experiment.

　　答案：CADBC

　　備考試題四：

　　IF YOU'RE CONFUSED BY ALL the news about the health effects of eating fish， you're not alone. On one hand， the omega-3 fatty acids in fish are known to reduce the risk of heart disease， as the American Heart Association reminded us two weeks ago when it restated its recommendation that everybody eat at least two fish servings a week. On the other hand， fish that feed in contaminated waterways contain high levels of mercury， which can lead to cognitive problems in developing brains. That's why pregnant women and nursing mothers are advised to limit their consumption.

　　As if that weren't confusing enough， two new studies published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine investigated the possible effects of mercury on the heart， and they seem to have reached contradictory conclusions. One found no clear link between mercury levels and heart disease; the other found that men with high levels of mercury in their toenails were more likely to suffer a heart attack than those with low levels. What are we to make of this? The first thing to remember is that this is how science proceeds， by fits and starts and seemingly contradictory results that get resolved only by further study. The second is that not all fish are created equal.

　　Compared with all the other things you might eat， fish are an excellent source of protein. They tend to eat algae as part of their natural life cycle， converting it into omega-3 fatty acids that can improve your cholesterol profile. But it's also true that our waterways have become increasingly contaminated with all sorts of pollutants， including mercury， and that these pollutants tend to accumulate at different levels in different species. The fish most at risk are predators high in the pelagic food chain， such as swordfish and sharks (see chart)。

　　It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails， where heavy metals tend to be deposited. In one study， researchers led by Dr. Eliseo Guallar at Johns Hopkins found that European and Israeli men with the highest mercury levels were nearly 2.2 times as likely to have a heart attack as those with the lowest levels. The other study， led by Dr. Walter Willett at the Harvard School of Public Health， looked at a selection of American men and found no connection between mercury exposure and risk of heart disease， although Willett told me a “weak association” cannot be ruled out.

　　For most of us， eating two servings of fish a week should not pose any problems. Guallar， who hails from coastal Spain， continues to flavor his paella with salmon， which has negligible mercury levels. Willett eats swordfish only about twice a month——because of its expense， not any fear of mercury. Fish-oil supplements are high in omega3 fatty acids and probably don't contain as much mercury as whole fish. But they don't taste nearly as good.

　　注(1)：本文選自Time; 12/9/2002， p99;

　　注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2005真題Text 1;

　　1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by

　　[A]making a comparison

　　[B]justifying an assumption

　　[C]posing a contrast

　　[D]explaining a phenomenon

　　2. The phrase “by fits and starts”(Line 6， Paragraph 2) most probably means _______.

　　[A]something happens smoothly

　　[B]something keeps starting and then stopping again

　　[C]something deserves a lot of effort

　　[D]something is troublesome