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2017考研英語水平試題及答案全解
下面是小編整理的英語試題，歡迎大家前來查看。
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it.Humans are thoughtful and creative，possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore，humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live，thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore，it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner，with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology”derives from the Green words anthropos“human”and logos“the study of”.By its very name，anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography，economics，political science，psychology，and sociology.Each of thesesoical sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity.Anthropology is a fieldstudy oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered firsthand，combined with a crosscultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present，makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture.Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of19th century science.(64)Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief，art，morals，law，custom，and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”.This insight，so profound in its simplicity，opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understa nding human life.Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned，shared，and patterned behavior.
(65)Thus，the anthropological concept of“culture”，like the concept of“set”in mathematics，is an abstract concept whichmakes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
翻譯題解：
61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為兩段：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, / thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1)這是個主句+分詞短語表示伴隨狀態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：humans have the ability to modify... thus subjecting ...
2) the environment in which they live是先行詞+定語從句。
第三、詞的處理：
modify the environment in which they live 改變他們的生存環(huán)境
subjecting all other life forms to 讓所有其它形態(tài)的生命服從……
完整的譯文：
61)而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而使所有其它形態(tài)的生命服從人類自己獨特的想法和想像。
考點總結(jié)：1)不定式短語做定語;2)介詞+定語從句;3)分詞短語表示伴隨狀態(tài)。
62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為四段：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
第二、句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：
主句+ which引導(dǎo)的定語從句+方式狀語(in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner)+定語從句。
第三、詞的處理：
Social science 社會科學(xué)
intellectual enquiry 知識探究
humans and their endeavors 人類及其行為
reasoned 理性的
orderly 有序的
systematic 系統(tǒng)的
dispassioned 冷靜的
natural phenomena 自然現(xiàn)象
完整的譯文：
62)社會科學(xué)是知識探索的一個分支，它力圖像自然科學(xué)家研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式研究人類及其行為。
考點總結(jié)：1)定語從句;2)方式狀語;3)多重并列定語。
63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為四段：The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, / combined with a cross?cultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, / makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個簡單句：The emphasis..., combined with..., makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
2)主語后面帶有on data gathered first-hand是主語的定語，combined with相當(dāng)于and的意思，是對主語內(nèi)容的補充，perspective可以理解成主語的并列成分，brought to the analysis of cultures past and present是perspective的定語。其中past and present是cultures的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
The emphasis翻譯時詞性轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞
data gathered first-hand搜集的第一手資料
combined with加上，(這個短語不影響主語的數(shù)的變化)
a cross-cultural perspective跨文化視角
this study這一研究
完整的譯文：
63)強調(diào)搜集第一手資料，加上在分析過去和現(xiàn)在的文化形態(tài)時采用跨文化視角，使這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學(xué)。
考點總結(jié)：1)帶有多重修飾成分的簡單句;2)過去分詞短語做定語;3)復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)4)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。
64) Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as amember of society."
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole / which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits / acquired by man as a member of society."
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole..."其中whole是“整體”的意思。后面是一個很長的定語從句，翻譯時可以和先行詞拆開。
2)which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中有多重并列賓語，acquired by man as a member of society是賓語的定語。
第三、詞的處理：
Tylor人名，按照音譯
defined culture as 將文化定義為
that complex whole 一個復(fù)合體
belief 信仰
morals 道德
man as a member of society 人作為社會成員
完整的譯文：
64)泰勒把文化定義為“一個復(fù)合體”，它包括人作為社會成員所獲得的信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及其它能力和習(xí)慣。
考點總結(jié)：1)定語從句;2)過去分詞短語做定語;3)多重并列賓語。
65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為四段：Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, / is an abstract concept / which makes possible / immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：主語+插入語(like the concept of) +系表結(jié)構(gòu)(is an abstract concept) + which引導(dǎo)的定語從句
2) immense amounts of concrete research and understanding是動詞makes的賓語，possible是狀語前置。
第三、詞的處理：
the anthropological concept of "culture,"人類學(xué)的“文化”概念
the concept of "set" in mathematics數(shù)學(xué)中“集”的概念
an abstract concept抽象概念
immense amounts of concrete research大量的具體研究
完整的譯文：
65)因此，人類學(xué)中“文化”的概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中“集”的概念一樣，是一個抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。
考點總結(jié)：1)表示比較的插入語;2)定語從句;3)復(fù)合賓語;4)狀語前置。
英譯漢試題參考譯文
人類無時無地不在探究他們所居住的這個世界，并且驚嘆于他們所處的地方。人類有思想、有創(chuàng)造性，而且具有難以滿足的求知欲。(61)而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而讓所有其他形態(tài)的生命服從人類自己獨特的想法和想象。因此，運用冷靜和系統(tǒng)的方法對人類的廣泛性與多樣性進行研究，是至關(guān)重要的。我們希望通過這些研究獲得的知識可以促進人與人之間、以及人類與地球上的所有其他物種更加和諧地共存。
“人類學(xué)”一詞起源于希臘語anthropos(人類)和logos(對于…的研究)。顧名思義，人類學(xué)包含了對全人類的研究。
人類學(xué)屬于社會科學(xué)。(62)社會科學(xué)是知識探索的一個分支，它力圖像自然科學(xué)有研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式研究人類及其行為。
社會科學(xué)包括地理學(xué)、經(jīng)濟學(xué)、政治學(xué)、心理學(xué)和社會學(xué)等學(xué)科。社會學(xué)的每一學(xué)科都包含一門與人類學(xué)密切相關(guān)的分支或?qū)I(yè)。
一切社會科學(xué)都以研究人類為核心。人類學(xué)是一門以實地考查為導(dǎo)向的學(xué)科，在研究中需要廣泛地運用比較法。(63)強調(diào)收集第一手資料，加上在分析過去和現(xiàn)在文化形態(tài)時采用跨文化視角，使得這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學(xué)。
人類學(xué)的研究在很大程度上取決于文化觀念。愛德華·泰勒先生提出的文化概念是十九世紀(jì)杰出的理論成就之一。(64)泰勒把文化定義為“…一個復(fù)合整體，它包括人作為社會成員所獲得的主仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及其它能力和習(xí)慣”。這一概念雖然簡潔，但卻含義深刻，它為認識和理解人類生活開創(chuàng)了一條嶄新的道路。泰勒關(guān)于文化的定義暗示出這樣一個概念，即文化是后天習(xí)得的、與他人共享的和形成固定模式的行為。
(65)因此，人類學(xué)中的“文化”概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中“集”的概念一樣，是一個抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。
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