考研英語閱讀模擬練習(xí)題

時(shí)間：2022-10-15 20:53:07 考研英語我要投稿

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2016考研英語閱讀模擬練習(xí)題

　　考研英語閱讀模擬練習(xí)題一：

2016考研英語閱讀模擬練習(xí)題

　　When Ellen M. Roche， 24， volunteered for the asthma experiment， she didn't expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical trials， in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them， this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out， scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop.

　　The worst part is that Hopkins， one of the nation's premier medical institutions， is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened， understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess)， how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported， and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported，” says Adil Shamoo， a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski， head of OHRP， has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.”

　　The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week， OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity， even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board， OHRP charges， never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about possible lung toxicity.

　　Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers， and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still， the university——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2，000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething. “Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials，” says Dr. Edward Miller， CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death， but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted， unnecessary， paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens， says a government spokesman， depends on Hopkins.

　　注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 7/30/2001， p36;

　　注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2005年真題Text 1;

　　1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by

　　[A]explaining a phenomenon

　　[B]justifying an assumption

　　[C]stating an incident

　　[D]making a comparison

　　2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line　1， Paragraph 3) implies that

　　[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.

　　[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.

　　[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.

　　[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.

　　3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following， except that _______.

　　[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up

　　[B]the review board has neglected their duty

　　[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers

　　[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked

　　4. The OHRP has found that

　　[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.

　　[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.

　　[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.

　　[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system.

　　5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

　　[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.

　　[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP

　　[C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.

　　[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.

　　答案：CBACB

　　考研英語閱讀模擬練習(xí)題二：

　　You hop into your car， but， wait， where are the keys? You meet someone new， but her name is gone before the handshake's over. Those are failures of your short-term， or “working，” memory——the place you file information for immediate， everyday retrieval. It isn't perfect. But researchers are increasingly convinced that the hormone estrogen could play a key role in maintaining and perhaps even improving memory. Last week a team of Yale scientists provided dramatic new evidence that bolsters the theory. Using MRIs——detailed snapshots of the brain——researchers found that women taking estrogen show significantly more activity in brain areas associated with memory than women on a placebo. “This is very exciting，” says Yale's Dr. Sally Shaywitz. “It means that the brain circuitry for memory had altered.”

　　After menopause， when estrogen levels plummet， some women become forgetful. Past research has demonstrated that those who take estrogen do better on memory tests than their nonmedicated peers do. The hormone may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's. The new study， published in last week's Journal of the American Medical Association， is the first to visually compare the neurocircuitry of memory both on and off estrogen. The drug made a big difference to participant Bernadette Settelmeyer： “All of a sudden I was remembering things.”

　　The women (whose average age was 51) lay down in a brain-imaging machine where they were shown two types of information： nonsense words (“BAZ” or “DOB”) to test verbal memory and geometric patterns to assess visual memory. After a 20-second “storage” period， participants saw a mix of old and new and were asked if anything looked familiar. During each stage of the test——as the women encoded， stored and retrieved data——researchers took pictures of their brains. The 46 women underwent the test twice——once while taking a standard daily dose of estrogen and again while taking a placebo. Beyond the power of estrogen， the difference in MRIs suggests that the adult brain maintains “plasticity”——the ability to rewire itself——even as it ages.

　　There is still plenty of research to be done. Scientists can't yet be sure estrogen is directly responsible for better memory performance. Despite the difference in brain activity on and off estrogen， participants' scores did not change. Researchers say that is probably because the tasks were so simple (the women got more than 90 percent correct overall)。 Other studies on estrogen and cognition are short term——and their findings have been inconsistent. And scientists still can't answer the question facing millions of women： should I take hormone-replacement therapy? The new study may make estrogen more appealing， but it should be just “one part of the equation，” says Shaywitz. Still， it's a memorable one.

　　注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 04/19/99， p50;

　　注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2002年真題Text 3;

　　1. The following are the examples of the failures of short-term memory， except that ___________.

　　[A]you are not sure whether you‘ve locked the door or not

　　[B]you cannot recall all your previous experience

　　[C]you cannot find the key to your car when starting it

　　[D]you forget the name of a stranger before the greeting is over

　　2. It can be inferred from the text that women‘s working memory could probably be improved if _________.

　　[A]they overuse estrogen

　　[B]they participate in the experiment

　　[C]their minds are kept active

　　[D]the estrogen level is raised