英語四級(jí)語法講義大全
英語四級(jí)語法講義:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式表示分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語的行為之前，且動(dòng)作由邏輯主語所承受(即與邏輯主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)。
【例如】
Having been given such a good chance, he planned to work hard.
Having been experimented several times, this new product will be putsintosmass production.
All the compositionsshavingsbeen written and collected, the teacher dismissed the students.
英語四級(jí)語法講義:“懸垂分詞”問題
前節(jié)說過，分詞(短語)有意義上的邏輯主語，它或是句子的主語，或者另有自己的主語，不然稱這種分詞為“懸垂分詞”，這樣的句子一般認(rèn)為是不能接受或錯(cuò)誤的。
【例如】
※Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there are lots of mountains.(這句話聽起來好象是那些山從窗戶往外看。)
※Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.(這句話聽起來好象是信件被贊揚(yáng)。)
※Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.
(這句話聽上去好象是某種思想坐在樹下。)關(guān)于“懸垂分詞”這條語法規(guī)則也有例外情況。下面幾種情況中的分詞(短語)，不再認(rèn)為它們是“懸垂分詞”，即句子是正確的。
1)有些分詞(短語)可用來表示說話人的態(tài)度，看問題的角度，或者對所敘述的情況進(jìn)行解釋，它們便成了句子的獨(dú)立成分，其邏輯主語也就不再是句子的主語。
【例如】
Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.嚴(yán)格地講，誰也不允許在這兒。(speaking的邏輯主語并不是nobody)Judging from his accent, he must be from the South.從他的口音判斷，他一定是南方人。(這句中不是he在“判斷”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.總的來說，這本書沒有問題。Taking all thingssintosconsideration, his work is a successful one.全面考慮起來，他的工作還是很成功的。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞(分詞詞組)有：frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly…) speaking, judging from(by)…,talking about…,speaking of…,looking at…,taking…into consideration, put frankly, taken…等。
2)這樣使用的有些分詞，在句子中逐漸起到連詞或介詞的作用，便把它們視為連詞或介詞。
【例如】
Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意，他的行為也會(huì)引起極大不快。There were ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十個(gè)人，包括我在內(nèi)。Provided that my expenses are paid, I will go.要是我的費(fèi)用有人代付，我就去。經(jīng)常這樣使用的分詞有：admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, pending, excepting, failing, saving, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。
3)某些句子中作狀語的分詞的邏輯主語雖然不是句子的主語，但可能是句中的另外某一成分，對這樣的句子也不再認(rèn)為是“懸垂分詞”。
【例如】
Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm clutched the father's heart.
她父親看到她健康迅速惡化，很是驚慌。
(分詞seeing的邏輯主語當(dāng)然不是alarm，但它包含在賓語heart的定語father's之中。)His summer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping his father with farm work.他在鄉(xiāng)下過暑假，幫助父親干農(nóng)活。(分詞helping的邏輯主語包含在主語holidays的定語his之中)以上句子之所以能被接受，是因?yàn)樗鼈兡芮宄磉_(dá)意思，不會(huì)引起誤解，如第一句中alarm是抽象名詞，不會(huì)誤解為seeing的邏輯主語；第二句中主語holidays是無生命的名詞，不可能誤解為helping的邏輯主語。
4)如果句子謂語是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，分詞的邏輯主語可以包含在by后面的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者之中(有時(shí)這個(gè)執(zhí)行者并未明確表示出來)。這樣的句子也可以被接受，而非“懸垂分詞”。
【例如】
Ideas can be expressed accurately and effectively, using simple sentences.
用簡單的句子可以準(zhǔn)確有力地表達(dá)思想。Knowing as much as you do, the situation is easily explained.像你這樣了解情況，很容易解釋這一形勢。以上兩句中的分詞using和knowing的.邏輯主語當(dāng)然不是它們句子的主語ideas和situation，而是沒有明確表達(dá)出來的express和explain兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
英語四級(jí)語法講義:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中，表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前完成。
【例如】
Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.Notshavingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.
獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式。
【例如】
His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.
The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion.
英語四級(jí)語法講義:“get+過去分詞”表被動(dòng)語態(tài)
英語中還有一種“get＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。其中g(shù)et與“be＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的be同樣起助動(dòng)詞的作用。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在談?wù)撏蝗话l(fā)生、出乎意料的偶然事件。
【例如】
It is upsetting when a person gets punished for a crime that he didn't commit. The picture got damaged (＝was damaged) when we were moving. If they make such criticisms they will get treated with the contempt they deserve. The old lady got hit by a flower pot falling from a balcony. I got invited to lots of parties last holidays. I don't want to get mixed up with the police again.
“get＋過去分詞"與“be＋過去分詞”表達(dá)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)并不完全相同，“be＋過去分詞”既可表示動(dòng)作，又可表示狀態(tài)，而“get＋過去分詞”則主要表示動(dòng)作
【例如】
The police say the man was shot when they found him, but they don't know when he got shot.
在這個(gè)句子中was shot表示狀態(tài)，而got shot則表示動(dòng)作。再如：另外，“be＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)不用于將來進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；而“get＋過去分詞”可以用這些時(shí)態(tài)。
【例如】
You will be getting cursed. My brother has been getting examined.
英語四級(jí)語法講義:不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
1)某些表示狀態(tài)或者特征的及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有：beg，equal，fail，hold，possess，fit，become，contain，cost，fit，have，lack，resemble,(相似)，suit等。
【例如】
This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.
2)某些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：cook, read, shut, smell, taste, wash, write, prove.
【例如】
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The theory proved right after a series of experiments.
英語四級(jí)語法講義:特殊的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過去分詞。
【例如】
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turnedsintosgood things.
2)有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。
【例如】
The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.
3)當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，原句中的賓語補(bǔ)語成為主語補(bǔ)語。能用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。
【例如】
She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.
4)在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to.
【例如】
A stranger was seen to walksintosthe building. She was made to clean the floor.
5)某些感官動(dòng)詞加形容詞可以表示被動(dòng)意義。
【例如】
The dish tastes delicious.The apple smells sweet.
6) It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句，或主語＋be＋過去分詞＋to do sth.
【例如】
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.
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