2017年12月四級(jí)閱讀理解習(xí)題及解析
As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease―especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious (有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.
The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs. Both types have simply been called “well.” In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body’s condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well,” in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. “Wellness” may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.
62. Today medical care is placing more stress on ________.
A) keeping people in a healthy physical condition
B) monitoring patients’ body functions
C) removing people’s bad living habits
D) ensuring people’s psychological well-being(C)
63. In the first paragraph, people are reminded that ________.
A) good health is more than not being ill
B) drinking, even if not to excess, could be harmful
C) regular health checks are essential to keeping fit
D) prevention is more difficult than cure(B)
64. Traditionally, a person is considered “well” if he ________.
A) does not have any unhealthy living habits
B) does not have any physical handicaps
C) is able to handle his daily routines
D) is free from any kind of disease(D)
65. According to the author, the true meaning of “wellness” is for people ________.
A) to best satisfy their body’s special needs
B) to strive to maintain the best possible health
C) to meet the strictest standards of bodily health
D) to keep a proper balance between work and leisure(B)
66. According to what the author advocates, which of the following groups of people would be considered healthy?
A) People who have strong muscles as well as slim figures.
B) People who are not presently experiencing any symptoms of disease.
C) People who try to be as possible, regardless of their limitations.
D) People who can recover from illness even without seeking medical care.(C)
解析
這 篇文章講述了當(dāng)今社會(huì)“健康”概念的新發(fā)展。全文比較少見地一共只有兩大段(很有可能是英文原版文章的節(jié)選)，第一段開頭介紹了當(dāng)今社會(huì)人們醫(yī)療觀念的轉(zhuǎn) 變，即人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)正在從治療轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)轭A(yù)防。這一現(xiàn)象是眾所周知的，作者可以借此不動(dòng)聲色地引出了文章的論題――健康觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變問題。在此之后，作者立即 把筆鋒指向正題，提出這種觀念上的轉(zhuǎn)變其實(shí)還可以探究得更為深入(The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further)。在第一段的其余部分，作者使用了一系列does……but句型，對(duì)一種健康狀態(tài)進(jìn)行了具體的描述，最后指出這種程度上的“健康”其實(shí)還有改善的余地(could be a lot healthier)。
第一段完成了對(duì)一種健康但又不夠健康的狀態(tài)的具體描述，第二段開頭則指出傳統(tǒng)觀念未對(duì)not ill(不得病)和excellent health(身體極佳)進(jìn)行區(qū)分，都稱為健康(well)，那么讀到這里，顯然可以判斷第一段描述的是not ill這一概念。
此后作者提出一種觀點(diǎn)，即只有那些積極努力保持和改善健康狀態(tài)的人(who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health)才可稱是“健康的”(well)或達(dá)到了“健康狀態(tài)”(wellness)。之后作者分別對(duì)well和wellness作了具體的解釋。
62. C
題目問當(dāng)今的醫(yī)療正更為注重什么。這道題較為簡(jiǎn)單。文章開頭說(shuō)道：the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease―especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors，意思是社會(huì)的醫(yī)療焦點(diǎn)正從治病變?yōu)榉啦�，尤其是在改變�(nèi)藗儾唤】档男袨榉矫�。Shifting是轉(zhuǎn)變的意思，使用了進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，與題目中的placing一樣，說(shuō)明這種轉(zhuǎn)變正在發(fā)生之中。而題目中的more一詞可以體現(xiàn)出“轉(zhuǎn)變”的含義。
四個(gè)題支的意思是：
A，使人們的身體狀況保持健康狀態(tài)。
B，跟蹤監(jiān)控病人的身體機(jī)能。
C，祛除人們壞的生活習(xí)慣。
D，保證人們的心理健康。
A和D分別講的生理健康和心理健康，在文中沒有提到過心理健康問題，可以排除D，而A所說(shuō)的“保持健康狀態(tài)”較為空泛，可以把第一段提到的治病(curing disease)和防病(preventing disease)都包括進(jìn)去，但文中的轉(zhuǎn)變恰恰是治病與防病之間的轉(zhuǎn)變，這個(gè)意思在A中無(wú)法體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。
B專指病人(patients)，講的是醫(yī)生對(duì)病人的治療問題，而全篇文章中心思想是無(wú)病的人如何才算得到真正的健康，與病人的治療無(wú)關(guān)。
C講的是祛除壞習(xí)慣，與changing our many unhealthy behaviors意思接近，unhealthy behviors在很大程度上可以是不健康的生活習(xí)慣。
63. A
題目問在第一段中，人們受到何種教導(dǎo)。
A，好健康不僅僅是沒有得病。第一段在上半部分指出在醫(yī)療焦點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變問題上，可以討論得更為深入一點(diǎn)(can be pursued further)，而后以類似于漢語(yǔ)里的排比句的形式列舉了某種健康狀態(tài)的具體表現(xiàn)，最后以This person is not ill(無(wú)病)、this person could be a lot healthier(可以更健康)結(jié)尾，作者的意圖非常好明顯，好健康遠(yuǎn)不止是不得病。A的說(shuō)法正確。
B，飲酒，即便不過量，也是對(duì)身體有害的。文中關(guān)于飲酒的敘述是這樣的：who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk，意思是這個(gè)人多數(shù)夜晚都在家里喝些啤酒，但從不酒后駕車，a few beers可以看做是沒有過量的喝酒，否則就會(huì)用a lot of。第一段結(jié)尾對(duì)這個(gè)人的評(píng)價(jià)是This person is not ill，意即不算十分健康，但也不會(huì)得病。這句話說(shuō)明作者沒有把適度喝酒看做是不健康的行為，因此B的說(shuō)法不對(duì)。
C，定期進(jìn)行身體檢查對(duì)保持健康是必要的。第一段中沒有出現(xiàn)身體檢查的內(nèi)容。
D，預(yù)防比治療更加困難。文章提到預(yù)防與治療是說(shuō)人們?cè)卺t(yī)療上的關(guān)注點(diǎn)從治療轉(zhuǎn)變到了預(yù)防(from curing disease to preventing disease)，沒有說(shuō)哪一個(gè)更為困難。
64. D
題目問傳統(tǒng)上講，一個(gè)人在何種情況下會(huì)被視為“健康的”(well)�？梢钥吹降诙卧陂_頭提到了傳統(tǒng)健康觀點(diǎn)：The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs. Both types have simply been called “well.”。這個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)是醫(yī)學(xué)界(The field of medicine)，謂語(yǔ)是“未作區(qū)分”，而后使用了一個(gè)between……and句型，引出未作區(qū)分的二個(gè)對(duì)象，第二個(gè)and之后的pays其主語(yǔ)依然是醫(yī)學(xué)界，因?yàn)樗褂昧说谌朔Q單數(shù)形式，和前面的.has一致。副詞traditionally限定了這段描述的對(duì)象是傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)療觀點(diǎn)。這句話的意思是傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)界未對(duì)僅僅“沒有得病”和“十分健康”做出區(qū)分，而把注意力放在了身體的特殊需求上。這二種情況都被稱作了健康。
四個(gè)選項(xiàng)是：
A，沒有任何有害健康的生活習(xí)慣。根據(jù)文意，這應(yīng)該是健康新觀點(diǎn)的倡導(dǎo)之一。
B，沒有任何生理缺陷。第二段解釋“well”觀點(diǎn)時(shí)提到了handicap，原意是說(shuō)一個(gè)人只要努力追求健康，即使具有生理缺陷也可以是well。這里講的健康新觀點(diǎn)。B的說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。
C，能夠處理好日常事務(wù)。文章最后一句話提到了daily life，講到wellness會(huì)對(duì)daily life產(chǎn)生積極的影響，但這里的wellness同樣屬于新觀點(diǎn)。
D，沒有任何疾病。根據(jù)上面的分析，傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)界沒有就“沒有得病”和“十分健康”做出區(qū)分，即二者完全相等，健康就是沒有疾病。D的說(shuō)法正確。
65. B
題目問根據(jù)作者的說(shuō)法，wellness的真實(shí)含義是指人們要如何如何。第二段中間部分提到了某些健康專家的健康新觀點(diǎn)，而后對(duì)well和wellness分別進(jìn)行了解釋。對(duì)wellness是這樣解釋的：“Wellness” may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life。這段話較易理解，大意為：最好不要把wellness看做是一種人們能夠達(dá)到的狀態(tài)，而應(yīng)該是一種努力追求的理想。健康的人更能夠抵御疾病侵襲，或在染病時(shí)能更好地與疾病抗?fàn)�。Wellness的觀念讓人們把注意力集中在健康的生活方式上，在人們面對(duì)日常生活的挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，wellness的觀念可以施加有益的影響。
A，最好地滿足身體的特殊需求。第二段開頭說(shuō)到滿足身體特殊需求(and pays attention to the body’s special needs)是傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)界的觀點(diǎn)，而不是新觀點(diǎn)。
B，努力保持可能的最佳的健康狀態(tài)。文中把wellness定義為an ideal that people can strive for，strive for是“努力達(dá)到”的意思，與B的表述一致。Ideal是理想狀況，可以理解為一種可能達(dá)到的最佳狀況。B的說(shuō)法正確。
C，滿足身體健康的最為苛刻的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。文章提到了wellness是一種理想，暗含不容易達(dá)到的意思，但理想而不易達(dá)到的不見得就是最苛刻的。同時(shí)文中也沒有提出任何“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。
D，在工作和休閑之間保持良好的平衡。某權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)給出的答案即是D，應(yīng)該是從文章最后一句話做出的判斷。這句話意思是“Wellness的觀念讓人們把注意力集中在健康的生活方式上，在人們面對(duì)日常生活的挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，wellness的觀念可以施加有益的影響”。也就是說(shuō)，如果人們接受了wellness這 種觀念，就會(huì)更注重健康的生活方式，從而有利于人們應(yīng)對(duì)日常生活的挑戰(zhàn)。先看前半句，注重健康的生活方式，可以是不抽煙不喝酒，這與工作和休閑的關(guān)系無(wú) 關(guān)。再看后半句，日常生活的挑戰(zhàn)有可能是工作中的難題，而通過適當(dāng)?shù)男蓍e來(lái)更有效的應(yīng)對(duì)這些難題的確是可能的。但是，日常生活的挑戰(zhàn)也可以不是工作，同 時(shí)，休閑也不見得就代表了wellness。從哪個(gè)方面講，D的表述都無(wú)法說(shuō)通。
66. C
題目問根據(jù)作者的主張，下列哪一種人將被視為是健康的。
A，肌肉發(fā)達(dá)同時(shí)身材苗條。肌肉發(fā)達(dá)同時(shí)又能保持苗條身材，很難想象這是一種什么樣的人。至少文中對(duì)此未作任何描述。
B， 當(dāng)前沒有任何疾病癥狀的人。沒有疾病即not ill，在第一段中已經(jīng)not ill的狀況做了詳細(xì)的描述，這是傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)界的觀點(diǎn)，而在文章中作者倡導(dǎo)的一定是關(guān)于健康的新觀點(diǎn)。
C，盡全力追求健康的人，不論其自身有何局限。第二段中間部分曾講到有缺陷的人也可以是健康的：Even people who have a physical disease or handicap may be “well”，條件是they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations，即便面對(duì)身體局限，也要盡可能地保持最佳健康狀況。這一句話正好與C的表述意思一致。
D，無(wú)須求助于醫(yī)療就能從疾病中恢復(fù)的人。文章末尾部分在具體解釋wellness時(shí)舉的例子包括與D的說(shuō)法類似的內(nèi)容：People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes，意思是健康的人更能抵抗疾病侵襲(抗病力強(qiáng)，不易得病)，得病后能更好地對(duì)抗疾病。后半句與D所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容有關(guān)，與前文聯(lián)系起來(lái)看就是People who are well are likely to be better able to fight disease when it strikes(likely是“很可能”的意思。and后面的to一定是連接able，如果連接likely，意思就是“很可能會(huì)去對(duì)抗疾病”，意思上講不通)，這里僅僅是說(shuō)可能會(huì)更好地與疾病抗?fàn)�，沒有說(shuō)不求助于醫(yī)療就能恢復(fù)。從likely(可能的)和better(更好的)這些詞的使用來(lái)看，作者所指的健康的人應(yīng)該不是無(wú)須醫(yī)療而自愈的鐵人。
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