知識拓展:萬圣節(jié)習俗及“Halloween”一詞的由來

　　在西方國家，每年的10月31日，有個“Halloween”，辭典解釋為“The eve of All Saints'Day”，中文譯作：“萬圣節(jié)之夜”。萬圣節(jié)是西方國家的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。這一夜是一年中最“鬧鬼”的一夜，所以也叫“鬼節(jié)”。

　　兩千多年前，歐洲的天主教會把11月1日定為“天下圣徒之日” (ALL HALLOWS DAY) 。“HALLOW” 即圣徒之意。傳說自公元前五百年，居住在愛爾蘭、蘇格蘭等地的凱爾特人 (CELTS) 把這節(jié)日往前移了一天，即10月31日。他們認為該日是夏天正式結(jié)束的日子，也就是新年伊始，嚴酷的冬季開始的一天。那時人們相信，故人的亡魂會在這一天回到故居地在活人身上找尋生靈，借此再生，而且這是人在死后能獲得再生的唯一希望。而活著的人則懼怕死魂來奪生，于是人們就在這一天熄掉爐火、燭光，讓死魂無法找尋活人，又把自己打扮成妖魔鬼怪把死人之魂靈嚇走。之后，他們又會把火種燭光重新燃起，開始新的一年的生活。傳說那時凱爾特人部落還有在10月31日把活人殺死用以祭奠死人的習俗。

　　到了公元1世紀，占領(lǐng)了凱爾特部落領(lǐng)地的羅馬人也漸漸接受了萬圣節(jié)習俗，但從此廢止了燒活人祭死人的野蠻做法。羅馬人慶祝豐收的節(jié)日與凱爾特人儀式結(jié)合，戴著可怕的面具，打扮成動物或鬼怪，則是為了趕走在他們四周游蕩的妖魔。這也就是今天全球大部分人以古靈精怪的打扮，來慶祝萬圣節(jié)的由來。時間流逝，萬圣節(jié)的意義逐漸起了變化，變得積極快樂起來，喜慶的意味成了主流。死魂找替身返世的說法也漸漸被摒棄和忘卻。到了今天，象征萬圣節(jié)的形象、圖畫如巫婆、黑貓等，大都有友善可愛和滑稽的臉。

　　"Halloween"一詞的產(chǎn)生

　　很多民族都在萬圣節(jié)前夜有慶典聚會，這又被叫做“All Hallow E'en”、“The Eve of All Hallows”、“Hallow e'en”，或者“The eve of All Saintas' Day”。最終約定俗成演變成了“Halloween”，中文意譯成了萬圣節(jié)之夜。

　　萬圣節(jié)的習俗——不請吃就搗亂

　　萬圣節(jié)的一個有趣內(nèi)容是“Trick or treat”，這習俗卻并非源自愛爾蘭，而是始于公元九世紀的歐洲基督教會。那時的１１月２日，被基督徒們稱為 “ALL SOULS DAY”（萬靈之日）。在這一天，信徒們跋涉于僻壤鄉(xiāng)間，挨村挨戶乞討用面粉及葡萄干制成的“靈魂之餅”。據(jù)說捐贈糕餅的人家都相信教會僧人的祈禱，期待由此得到上帝的佑護，讓死去的親人早日進入天堂。這種挨家乞討的傳統(tǒng)傳至當今竟演變成了孩子們提著南瓜燈籠挨家討糖吃的游戲。見面時，打扮成鬼精靈模樣的孩子們千篇一律地都要發(fā)出“不請吃就搗亂”的威脅，而主人自然不敢怠慢，連聲說“請吃！請吃！”同時把糖果放進孩子們隨身攜帶的大口袋里。

　　另外還有南瓜雕空當燈籠的故事。這又是源于古代愛爾蘭。故事是說一個名叫JACK的人，是個醉漢且愛惡作劇。一天 JACK 把惡魔騙上了樹，隨即在樹樁上刻了個十字，恐嚇惡魔令他不敢下來，然后 JACK 就與惡魔約法三章，讓惡魔答應(yīng)施法讓 JACK 永遠不會犯罪為條件讓他下樹。 JACK 死后，其靈魂卻既不能上天又不能下地獄，于是他的亡靈只好靠一根小蠟燭照著指引他在天地之間倘佯。在古老的愛爾蘭傳說里，這根小蠟燭是在一根挖空的蘿卜里放著，稱作“JACK LANTERNS”，而古老的蘿卜燈演變到今天，則是南瓜做的 Jack-O-Lantern 了。據(jù)說愛爾蘭人到了美國不久，即發(fā)現(xiàn)南瓜不論從來源和雕刻來說都比蘿卜勝一籌，于是南瓜就成了萬圣節(jié)的寵物。

　　孩子們喜愛的節(jié)日

　　萬圣節(jié)是兒童們縱情玩樂的好時候。它在孩子們眼中，是一個充滿神秘色彩的節(jié)日。夜幕降臨，孩子們便迫不及待地穿上五顏六色的化妝服，戴上千奇百怪的面具，提上一盞“杰克燈”跑出去玩�！敖芸藷簟钡臉幼邮�分可愛，做法是將南瓜掏空，外面刻上笑瞇瞇的眼睛和大嘴巴，然后在瓜中插上一支蠟燭，把它點燃，人們在很遠的地方便能看到這張憨態(tài)可掬的笑臉。

　　收拾停當后，一群群裝扮成妖魔鬼怪的孩子手提“杰克燈”，跑到鄰居家門前，威嚇般地喊著：“要惡作劇還是給款待”、“給錢還是給吃的”。如果大人不用糖果、零錢款待他們，那些調(diào)皮的孩子就說到做到：好，你不款待，我就捉弄你。他們有時把人家的門把手涂上肥皂，有時把別人的貓涂上顏色。這些小惡作劇常令大人啼笑皆非。當然，大多數(shù)人家都非常樂于款待這些天真爛漫的小客人。所以萬圣節(jié)前夜的孩子們總是肚子塞得飽飽的，口袋裝得滿滿的。

　　萬圣節(jié)前夜最流行的游戲是“咬蘋果”。游戲時，人們讓蘋果漂浮在裝滿水的盆里，然后讓孩子們在不用手的條件下用嘴去咬蘋果，誰先咬到，誰就是優(yōu)勝者。

　　好吃又健康：萬圣節(jié)零食總動員

　　1. Dark Chocolate Bites

　　黑巧克力塊

　　Skip the milk chocolate and sneak antioxidant-rich dark chocolate into trick-or-treat bags. Dark chocolate contains a healthy dose of flavonoids known for lowering blood pressure and cholesterol.

　　別把牛奶巧克力放進糖果袋子，改放那些富含抗氧化物質(zhì)的黑巧克力吧。黑巧克力含有有益健康的類黃酮，有助于降低血壓和膽固醇。

　　2. Organic Munchies

　　有機零食

　　Let's face it, Halloween isn't the same without candy. But you can still do your bit for the environment and for the health of little ones by handing out preservative-free candy. Here's to a green, wholesome Halloween!

　　承認吧，沒有糖果的萬圣節(jié)不能算是真正的萬圣節(jié)。但是，你可以選擇無防腐劑的糖果，不但有益健康，而且可以保護環(huán)境。讓我們一起來過一個綠色、健康的萬圣節(jié)吧！

　　3. Chocolate-Dipped Figs

　　巧克力醬無花果

　　Did you know that dried figs are a nutritional powerhouse and pack more health benefits than most dried fruits? They’re full of fiber, calcium, potassium, and iron. Plus, figs are sweet to boot, especially when dipped in chocolate!

　　你知道嗎，無花果干含有豐富的營養(yǎng)，而且和其他大部分干果相比，無花果干對身體更有益處。它富含纖維、鈣、鉀和鐵。另外，無花果吃起來是甜的，蘸了巧克力醬后就更甜美可口了。

　　豆制點心

　　4. Soy Treats

　　豆制點心

　　Soy snacks can contain up to a whopping 7 grams of protein plus they aren't loaded with bad fats. We'll admit that soy doesn't sound very appealing. But if you go for the sweeter variety, you'll be surprised at how much it tastes like candy.

　　豆制品零食富含高達7克的蛋白質(zhì)，同時不含不良脂肪。雖然豆制品的味道不太好，但是，你可以去嘗試下那種甜味的豆制點心，你會驚訝于它和糖果相似的口感的。

　　橡皮糖

　　5. Gummy Candy

　　橡皮糖

　　Kids will spell out yummy as they devour this fat-free treat. Packed with nutrients and antioxidants, gummy letters are a healthy choice.

　　孩子們在大嚼特嚼這種無糖橡皮糖時一定會大呼好吃的。這種橡皮糖富含抗氧化物質(zhì)，字母形狀的橡皮糖是個很好的健康選擇。

　　6. Pre-Packaged Snacks

　　預(yù)先包裝零食

　　Try pretzels, nuts, trail mix, popcorn, cheese and crackers, pumpkin or sunflower seeds. All of these snacks provide good nutrients. The sunflower seeds, in particular, are high in good fat.

　　椒鹽脆餅干、堅果、干果、爆米花、奶酪、蘇打餅干、南瓜子或葵花籽，以上這些零食都是營養(yǎng)豐富，尤其是葵花籽，含有大量的優(yōu)質(zhì)脂肪。

　　蜂蜜芝麻酥糖

　　7. Honey and Sesame Candy

　　蜂蜜芝麻酥糖

　　Dazzle your neighborhood kids with bite-size honey and sesame candy. Three pieces contain 60 calories, 1 gram of protein and just 7 grams of sugar.

　　給鄰居家的.小孩一口吃的蜂蜜芝麻酥糖吧，三塊酥糖就含有60卡熱量、1克蛋白質(zhì)，而糖分只有7克而已。

　　無糖零食

　　8. Sugar-Free Snacks

　　無糖零食

　　If the thought of what all that Halloween candy can do to your kids' health and teeth scares you, give them sugarless gum, a dentist favorite. It contains artificial sweeteners called xylitol or sorbitol that help prevents cavities. Make sure to offer a variety of flavors for your picky trick-or-treaters. Packages of cocoa are a good standby, too.

　　如果你一直擔心萬圣節(jié)的糖果會危害到孩子的健康和牙齒的話，那么，你就可以選擇牙醫(yī)的最愛，無糖口香糖給孩子們吃。無糖口香糖里含有人工合成的制糖劑木糖醇或山梨糖醇，有助預(yù)防蛀牙。要給孩子們多準備些不同的口味，可以放幾包可可味的備用。

　　水果干

　　9. Dried Fruits

　　水果干

　　Here’s a sweet yet sugar-free snack that tastes good and is good for your kids, too.

　　水果干口感香甜、不含糖分，孩子們都愛吃，還有益健康。

　　盒裝果汁

　　10. Juice Boxes

　　盒裝果汁

　　Offer a selection of juice boxes or homemade apple cider to help kids stay hydrated while they go trick-or-treating and get their daily dose of Vitamin C.

　　多準備些盒裝果汁或者是自制的蘋果汁，可以幫助孩子們在挨家挨戶討糖果的時候補充水分和日常所需的維生素C。

　　萬圣節(jié)狗狗巡游：奇裝異服狗狗大派對

　　New York-Dogs dress as Lady Gaga, New York bus and pin cushion to compete in canine Halloween costume competition.

　　紐約市舉辦萬圣節(jié)狗類化裝比賽，狗狗們打扮成Lady Gaga、紐約公交車或針線包爭妍斗艷。

　　Even dogs can celebrate Halloween - and here's a show to prove it.

　　狗狗也可以慶祝萬圣節(jié)，不相信？帶你去看看。

　　Canines of all breeds sent tongues and tails wagging as they took part in the 2011 Tompkins Square Park Halloween Dog Parade in New York on Saturday.

　　在周六紐約湯普金斯廣場公園舉辦的2011年度萬圣節(jié)狗狗巡游中，各種狗狗吐著舌頭搖著尾巴，它們都是參賽者。

　　The field of around 500 very patient pooches was packed with inventive and hilarious costumes, including a stegosaurus, Don Draper from Mad Men and a bride.

　　大約有500只狗狗參加了此次比賽，它們身上塞滿了各種別出心裁滑稽可笑的服裝，不過它們都很耐心。出彩的造型有劍龍（小編注：侏羅紀晚期巨型恐龍）、《廣告狂人》中人物Don Draper的造型，還有一只狗狗扮成了新娘子。

　　The parade of masquerading dogs is the largest Halloween Dog Parade in the U.S.

　　此次的狗狗化裝巡游是美國最大規(guī)模的萬圣節(jié)狗狗巡游活動。

　　A pup done up like Lady Gaga from the 2009 VMAs won a prize for being best dressed.

　　一只模仿Lady Gaga在2009音樂錄影帶大獎時的造型的狗狗獲得了最佳著裝獎。

　　But the top dog gong of Best in Show went to a canine disguised as an M23 New York bus, fully equipped with its very own passenger, the owner's child.

　　不過最佳表演獎授予了一只扮成M23紐約公交車的狗狗，這只狗狗裝備齊全，他的唯一乘客也就是主人的孩子也打扮并參加了巡游。

　　10條知識為萬圣節(jié)掃盲

　　1. The Halloween celebration comes from All Hallows Day or All Saints Day, the 1st of November. This was originally a pagan festival of the dead, but later became a holiday to honor Christian saints.

　　萬圣節(jié)的慶祝活動來源于每年11月1日的All Hallows Day 或All Saints Day。它原先是異教徒們紀念死者的節(jié)日，但是逐漸演變成一個紀念基督圣者的節(jié)日。

　　2. The name Halloween comes from a contraction of All Hallows Eve (Evening), the day before All Hallows Day. On this night it was believed that the spirits of the dead would try to come back to life!

　　Halloween就是All Hallows Eve的縮寫。而All Hallows Eve(夜晚)是All Hallows Day 的前一天。人們認為在當天晚上，亡者的靈魂會重新復(fù)活！

　　3. Dressing up in costumes is one of the most popular Halloween customs, especially among children. According to tradition, people would dress up in costumes (wear special clothing, masks or disguises) to frighten the spirits away.

　　Dressing up in costumes是最受歡迎的萬圣節(jié)風俗之一，尤其是受孩子們的歡迎。按照傳統(tǒng)習俗，人們會dress up in costumes（穿戴一些特別的服裝，面具或者裝飾）來嚇跑鬼魂。

　　4. Popular Halloween costumes include vampires (creatures that drink blood), ghosts (spirits of the dead) and werewolves (people that turn into wolves when the moon is full).

　　流行的萬圣節(jié)服裝包括vampires（吸血鬼），ghosts（死者的靈魂）和werewolves（每當月圓時就變成狼形的人）。

　　5. Trick or Treat is a modern Halloween custom where children go from house to house dressed in costume, asking for treats like candy or toys. If they don't get any treats, they might play a trick (mischief or prank) on the owners of the house.

　　Trick or Treat 是現(xiàn)代萬圣節(jié)的風俗。孩子們穿著特殊的衣服走街串巷，討取糖果和玩具之類的賞賜。如果他們得不到任何的賞賜，就可能會對屋主大搞惡作劇或者胡鬧了。

　　6. The tradition of the Jack o' Lantern comes from a folktale about a man named Jack who tricked the devil and had to wander the Earth with a lantern. The Jack o' Lantern is made by placing a candle inside a hollowed-out pumpkin, which is carved to look like a face.

　　Jack o' Lantern 的傳統(tǒng)來自于一個民間傳說。一個名叫Jack的人戲弄了惡魔，之后就不得不提著一盞燈在地球上流浪。Jack o' Lantern是用雕刻成臉型，中間挖空，再插上蠟燭的南瓜做成的。

　　7. There are many other superstitions associated with Halloween. A superstition is an irrational idea, like believing that the number 13 is unlucky!

　　和萬圣節(jié)有關(guān)的迷信還有很多。迷信是一種不合常理的想法，比如認為13是不吉利的數(shù)字！

　　8. Halloween is also associated with supernatural creatures like ghosts and vampires. These creatures are not part of the natural world. They don't really exist... or do they?

　　萬圣節(jié)還和一些諸如鬼魂和吸血鬼之類的超自然的生物有關(guān)。這些生物不是自然界的一部分。他們實際上是不存在的......或許他們其實真的存在？

　　9. Witches are popular Halloween characters that are thought to have magical powers. They usually wear pointed hats and fly around on broomsticks.

　　女巫是萬圣節(jié)很受歡迎的人物，人們認為她們具有強大的魔力。他們通常戴著尖頂?shù)拿弊�，騎在掃把上飛來飛去。

　　10. Bad omens are also part of Halloween celebrations. A bad omen is something that is believed to bring bad luck, like black cats, spiders or bats.

　　惡兆也是萬圣節(jié)慶祝活動的一部分。人們相信惡兆會帶給壞運氣，黑貓、蜘蛛或者蝙蝠都算是惡兆。

　　情景對話：精彩刺激的萬圣節(jié)晚會

　　Molly：How did your Halloween party go?

　　你們的萬圣節(jié)晚會怎么樣？

　　Gordon：Two thumbs up. It was fantastic. I met a new girlfriend. She was also a vampire. We drank some blood together.

　　好極了。我認識了一個新女孩。她也扮成吸血鬼。我們一起吸血。

　　Molly：You drank real blood?

　　你真的吸血嗎？

　　Gordon：No way, it was just red juice, but we called it blood because it was Halloween night. How about your evening?

　　不可能，我們吸紅果汁，我們叫它血因為那是在萬圣節(jié)之夜。你那晚過得怎么樣？

　　Molly：I met a handsome werewolf. But I had to say good bye to him.

　　我認識了一個英俊的狼人，可我不得不跟他說再見。

　　Gordon：Really, why did you get rid of him?

　　真的嗎？你為什么放棄他？

　　Molly：I saw him today and he still looked like a werewolf.

　　我今天又見到他了，他看起來還是像一個狼人。

　　Gordon：Now that is scary!!!!!

　　那太可怕了！�。�

　　萬圣節(jié)（中，英文版）

　　關(guān)于萬圣節(jié)有這樣一個故事。是說有一個叫杰克的愛爾半蘭人，因為他對錢特別的吝嗇，就不允許他進入天堂，而被打入地獄。但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦，所以被踢出地獄，罰他提著燈籠永遠在人世里行走。 在十月三十一日愛爾蘭的孩子們用土豆和羅卜制作“杰克的燈籠”，他們把中間挖掉、表面上打洞并在里邊點上蠟燭。為村里慶祝督伊德神的萬圣節(jié)，孩子們提著這種燈籠挨家挨戶乞計食物這種燈籠的愛爾蘭名字是“拿燈籠的杰克”或者“杰克的燈籠”，縮寫為Jack-o'-lantern ?在拼寫為jack-o-lantern。 現(xiàn)在你在大多數(shù)書里讀到的萬圣節(jié)只是孩子們開心的夜晚。在小學校里，萬圣節(jié)是每年十月份開始慶祝的。 孩子們會制作萬圣節(jié)的裝飾品：各種各樣桔紅色的南瓜燈。你可以用黑色的紙做一個可怕的造形??一個騎在掃帚把上戴著尖尖帽子的女巫飛過天空，或者是黑蝙蝠飛過月亮。這些都代表惡運。當然黑貓代表運氣更差。有時候會出現(xiàn)黑貓騎在女巫掃帚后面飛向天空的造形。 在萬圣節(jié)的晚上，我們都穿著爸爸媽媽的舊衣服和舊鞋子，戴上面具，打算外出。比我們小的孩子必須和他們的母親一塊出去，我們大一點的就一起哄到領(lǐng)居家，按他們的門鈴并大聲喊道：“惡作劇還是招待！”意思是給我們吃的，要不我們就捉弄你。里邊的人們應(yīng)該出?評價我們的化裝。 “噢！這是鬼，那是女巫，這是個老太婆�！� 有時候他們會跟我們一起玩，假裝被鬼或者女巫嚇著了。但是他們通常會帶一些糖果或者蘋果放進我們的“惡作劇還是招待”的口袋里�？墒且�是沒人回答門鈴或者是有人把我們趕開該怎么辦呢？我們就捉弄他們，通常是拿一塊肥皂把他們的玻璃涂得亂七八糟。然后我們回家，數(shù)數(shù)誰的糖果最多。 還有一個典型的萬圣節(jié)花招是把一卷手紙拉開，不停地往樹上扔，直到樹全被白紙裹起?。除非下大雪或大雨把紙沖掉，紙會一直呆在樹上。這并不造成真正的傷害，只是把樹和院子搞亂，一種萬圣節(jié)的惡作劇。

　　HALLOWEEN One story about Jack, an Irishman, who was not allowed into Heaven because he was stingy with his money. So he was sent to hell. But down there he played tricks on the Devil (Satan), so he was kicked out of Hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern. Well, Irish children made Jack's lanterns on October 31st from a large potato or turnip, hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside. And Irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village Halloween festival that honored the Druid god Muck Olla. The Irish name for these lanterns was "Jack with the lantern" or "Jack of the lantern," abbreviated as " Jack-o'-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern." The traditional Halloween you can read about in most books was just children's fun night. Halloween celebrations would start in October in every elementary school. Children would make Halloween decorations, all kinds of orange-paper jack-o-lanterns. And from black paper you'd cut "scary" designs ---an evil witch with a pointed hat riding through the sky on a broomstick, maybe with black bats flying across the moon, and that meant bad luck. And of course black cats for more bad luck. Sometimes a black cat would ride away into the sky on the back of the witch's broom. And on Halloween night we'd dress up in Mom or Dad's old shoes and clothes, put on a mask, and be ready to go outside. The little kids (children younger than we were) had to go with their mothers, but we older ones went together to neighbors' houses, ringing their doorbell and yelling, "Trick or treat!" meaning, "Give us a treat (something to eat) or we'll play a trick on you!" The people inside were supposed to come to the door and comment on our costumes. Oh! here's a ghost. Oh, there's a witch. Oh, here's an old lady. Sometimes they would play along with us and pretend to be scared by some ghost or witch. But they would always have some candy and maybe an apple to put in our "trick or treat bags." But what if no one come to the door, or if someone chased us away? Then we'd play a trick on them, usually taking a piece of soap and make marks on their windows. .And afterwards we would go home and count who got the most candy. One popular teen-agers' Halloween trick was to unroll a roll of toilet paper and throw it high into a tree again and again until the tree was all wrapped in the white paper. The paper would often stay in the tree for weeks until a heavy snow or rain washed it off. No real harm done, but it made a big mess of both the tree and the yard under it. One kind of Halloween mischief.

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