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微軟元老離職信--回首職場生涯12年
【職場英語】微軟元老離職信字字珠璣：回首職場生涯12年
本文是微軟元老級員工Philip Su在2010年離開微軟時寫下的離職信。信中字字珠璣，回顧了自己在微軟工作的12年所感受和領(lǐng)悟到的職場真諦。無論你是職場老手還是職場新人，相信都能從中獲得一些啟發(fā)。
Today was my last day at Microsoft, after 12 years straight out of college. I will start at Facebook next week as a developer in its Seattle office.
今天是我在微軟的最后一天。自從大學(xué)畢業(yè)，過去的 12 年里我一直都在微軟工作。下周起，我將以一個程序員的身份在Facebook西雅圖的辦公室重新開始。
Below is the email I sent to Microsoft colleagues on my last day. I loved Microsoft, every one of the past twelve awesome years. Here’s to new adventures!
在微軟的最后一天，我給同事們發(fā)了以下這封離職信。我愛微軟，過去12年都是如此�，F(xiàn)在將會迎接新的挑戰(zhàn)！
### Original email below ###
離職信原文
Microsoft has been an awesome place to work over the past twelve years. Today is my last day.
過去的12 年里，我一直很喜歡在微軟工作，但是今天是我在微軟的最后一天。
I’ve always been somewhat random, so I’d like to end this whole adventure true to form: quirky, controversial, optimistic, seat-of-the-pants, with rarely a satisfying explanation.
我一直是一個比較隨意的人，所以我希望今天的信也一樣是有個性的、有爭議的、樂觀的、憑感覺的，而可能沒有讓人讀后很滿意的答案。
Don’t look for coherence below – you won’t find it. And if parts of this offend you, it’s probably because you don’t know me well enough – I offend people inadvertently all the time, almost as a rule.
請不要在我的信里找連貫性，因為你是不會找到的。如果有內(nèi)容冒犯了你，那你可能不太了解我，因為我經(jīng)常會在無意中冒犯到別人，幾乎已經(jīng)成為了定律。
Thanks for everything.
謝謝所有的一切。
In college, I never thought I’d work for Microsoft. Then I interned in 1997 and fell in love: free sodas, individual offices (with doors!), Pentium 66’s – what more could a coder ask? Years later, my manager from the internship quit suddenly when his hard drive crashed, erasing weeks of code that hadn’t been checked in. He said it was a sign from God. I have no idea what he’s doing these days.
上大學(xué)時，我從來沒有想過在微軟工作。但我1997 年的時候在微軟實習(xí)后，就對它一見鐘情：免費(fèi)的飲料、自己的辦公室、奔騰66... 一個程序員還能要求什么？幾年后，我實習(xí)時的老板突然離職了。他電腦的硬盤當(dāng)時發(fā)生了故障，丟失了幾個月的工作。他說這是一個來自上天的征兆。我不知道他現(xiàn)在人在哪里，在做些什么事情。
People often complain after getting a “bad” review that their manager has a distorted and inaccurate view of them. Don’t you think that, of all the people in the world, the person reviewed would have the most biased view of their own performance? I sometimes gently suggest this. People don’t believe me.
人們在拿到一個不好的業(yè)績審查后總是會抱怨老板和上級不公平而且不客觀。但是你不覺得，每個人對自己的評估其實是最不客觀的嗎？我有時會平和地告訴別人這一點，但是沒有人信。
Choose carbs. Eat dessert first.
吃點碳水化合物。吃飯時先吃甜點。
Use Occam’s Razor in interpersonal relations: look for the simplest, most straightforward explanation that assumes the best of everybody. Stay away from people who always have a conspiracy theory involving twisted office politics, unfulfilled Machiavellian ambitions, and unspoken agendas.
在處理人際關(guān)系是，我們應(yīng)該運(yùn)用奧卡姆剃刀原理（小編注：奧卡姆剃刀定律又稱“奧康的剃刀”，是由14世紀(jì)邏輯學(xué)家、圣方濟(jì)各會修士奧卡姆的威廉提出。這個原理稱為“如無必要，勿增實體”,即“簡單有效原理”。），也就是對于別人的行為，找到最簡單，最信任別人的解釋。對那些愛搞辦公室政治，勾心斗角的人敬而遠(yuǎn)之。
Anonymous college course evaluations often ask for the student’s grade in the class. Turns out that there’s a strong correlation between a student’s grade and their assessment of the professor’s abilities. I don’t listen too carefully when a poor performer tells me how awful their previous manager was. My ears perk up when a star performer constructively criticizes their management.
大學(xué)里的教授評估往往會參考學(xué)生在那門課得到的成績，因為學(xué)生的成績與他對教授的評價有很明顯的關(guān)系。我一般不會認(rèn)真聽一個業(yè)績不好的人對他老板的吐槽，但是如果一個業(yè)績好的人批評他的老板，我會洗耳恭聽。
Bias towards action. “Litebulb” will drain your soul.
不行動的話，閑聊會耗盡你的生命（Litebulb是微軟內(nèi)部的一個廣泛話題討論組）。
Words matter. Connotations matter.
字有表意，也有隱含的意思。
If you consistently deliver what the business needs most, and you do it well, it’s impossible not to get promoted. People tell me this isn’t true, that it’s all about the people you know and about “visibility.” I have no idea how to consistently deliver impactful business results without becoming visible as a side effect. I hate it when developers ask me how to become “more visible.” They hate it when I tell them to “do great work.” They think I’m mocking them.
如果你不斷做公司最需要的事情，你是一定會被重用的。有人說，不是的，人際關(guān)系和在人前表現(xiàn)自己更重要。我不明白，如果你持續(xù)做對公司意義很重大的事情，怎么可能不被別人注意到。我很討厭程序員問我怎么才能在人前表現(xiàn)自己。他們也很討厭我的答案“把事情做得更漂亮”，覺得我是在諷刺他們。
Be genuine. Never give advice for your own advantage. I’ve never once counseled a person to join my team or to stay on my team because I needed them.
做一個真誠的人。給別人建議時不要考慮自己的利益。我從沒有說服過任何人加入我的團(tuán)隊，或者說服他們不要走，僅僅因為我需要他們。
Listen to understand. Speak to be understood.
聽人說話時盡量理解，講話時盡量容易讓別人理解。
Good ideas are a dime a dozen. Great ideas are usually laughed at. Neither sees the light of day without you taking action. Do the work to prove your idea, or stop talking about it. In an entrepreneurship class in college, I pitched the idea of an online grocery delivery service and got laughed off stage. Hurt, but convinced of my great genius, I returned the following week to pitch the idea of online movie rentals using the postal service. I called it NetVideo. Everyone thought it was absurd. I used to tell this story to bolster what I thought was my streak of unrecognized, prognosticating technical genius. These days, I tell the story to remind myself that in the end, only action and execution matter.
好的創(chuàng)意很多。偉大的創(chuàng)意常常會遭受嘲笑，除非你去實現(xiàn)它。不要光說，用行動來證明你的點子。在大學(xué)的一門創(chuàng)業(yè)課里，我講了一個網(wǎng)上租看和郵寄電影光碟的點子，我當(dāng)時把它起名叫“NetVideo”，所有人都覺得很荒唐。以前我講這個故事是為了炫耀我當(dāng)時多么有遠(yuǎn)見（指后來用相同點子起家的上市公司Netflix），但是現(xiàn)在我講這個故事是想告訴你，行動和執(zhí)行是最重要的。
What’s your final level at Microsoft? Please don’t say CEO or Technical Fellow – I can almost guarantee you it’s not. A realistic appraisal helps you aim for the right things, and is also essential to happiness. A VP once told me that he had already attained the highest position he’d ever reach at Microsoft. It wasn’t false humility. It wasn’t sour grapes. He was confident in his abilities and ambitious about doing great work. He was just more grounded and self-aware than many, and thus more content. Don’t give up or sell out. Just know yourself.
你在微軟最終的職位級別是什么？請不要說 CEO 或科技院士，因為我?guī)缀蹩梢员ＷC你達(dá)不到。對自己能力更現(xiàn)實的認(rèn)識會幫助你更準(zhǔn)確找到目標(biāo)，而且也會讓你更加快樂。一位副總裁曾經(jīng)告訴我, 他已經(jīng)做到了他在微軟能做的最高職位。這不是假謙虛，也不是抱怨。他對自己很自信，而且很有事業(yè)心。他只不過是對自己有很清楚的認(rèn)識，而且懂得滿足。不要放棄，也不要出賣自己。但是你要正確認(rèn)識你自己。
If you only ever implement feedback that you agree with, you probably don’t need the feedback in the first place. For feedback to be useful, you must at least occasionally consider implementing feedback that you don’t initially agree with. How else will you discover your blind spots?
如果你只采用你贊同的反饋，那很有可能這些反饋從一開始就不是你需要的。真正有價值的反饋是那些你在一開始并不贊同的反饋。要不然，你怎么去發(fā)現(xiàn)你的盲點？
Good people with good process will outperform good people with no process every time.–Grady Booch
有流程規(guī)劃的人通常比沒有流程規(guī)劃的人能夠做得更好。——布奇（美國Rational軟件工程公司的首席科學(xué)家和Booch方法的主創(chuàng)人）
Don’t fear process. Fear bad people dictating process. Fear process trying to make up for bad people.
不要害怕流程。害怕人們不能夠很好的執(zhí)行流程，害怕不合適的人去執(zhí)行流程。
I’ve managed almost 150 people across dev/test/PM. I estimate about 60% of employees think that they belong in the top 20% when ranked against their peers. I have never once had a person say that they belong in the bottom 10%.
我管理過150 人的開發(fā)團(tuán)隊。我估計60% 的人覺得自己應(yīng)該是排名在前20%。我從來沒有遇見過認(rèn)為自己是排在最后10% 的人。
What would Mini do? (Incidentally, one of my managers once asked me, in all seriousness, whether I was Mini-Microsoft. I guess you’ll find out after I leave.)
Mini 會怎么做？（一個經(jīng)理曾經(jīng)很嚴(yán)肅的問我，我是不是Mini-Microsoft。 等我離開微軟后，你們就會知道了。）（小編注：Mini-Microsoft 是一個寫微軟內(nèi)情的匿名博客，在微軟內(nèi)部有很大影響力）
In a company as large as Microsoft, I guarantee you’ll find someone higher level than you who you think is worse than you. Don’t get stuck in this mental trap – it won’t motivate you to be your best. Look instead towards the person you admire most at your level. What can you learn from them? What unique strengths might you have which they don’t have?
在微軟這么大的公司中，你一定能夠找出職位比你高，但你認(rèn)為能力卻不如你的人。但是你不應(yīng)該鉆這個牛角尖，因為這只會讓你氣餒。你應(yīng)該做的是找到和你級別差不多的，但是你很佩服的人。你能從他們身上學(xué)到什么？你有什么他們不具備的優(yōu)點？
A person is either passionate or they’re not. People who expect their manager to make their jobs fun and interesting won’t get far.
一個人的激情是無法替代的。一個總是需要經(jīng)理告訴他去做什么的人是無法進(jìn)步的。
Once, at a Pizza Hut counter, I noticed that all the pens meant for signing credit card receipts had little flowers attached to their tops. Stuck together in a cup, the bunch of pens looked like a bouquet. I asked the cashier whether this was a new Pizza Hut policy. She said no – she had done it on her own. What would you pay to have her in your company?
有一次在必勝客，我看到所有簽信用卡的筆上都插上了小花，放在一起的時候看起來像一束鮮花。我問服務(wù)員，這是必勝客的新政策嗎？她說不是，是她自己弄的。你是不是也很想聘用這樣的員工？
Cynics don’t get anything done. Stop talking to people whose first response is always skeptical. They will crush you.
憤世嫉俗者并不能夠做成事業(yè)。停止和一開始就懷疑你的人討論問題，因為他們會拖垮你。
I had a coworker in Money who, by the time I joined in 1998, had already been at Microsoft for 15 years and could probably buy the county I grew up in. He drove a beat-up Datsun and coded every day in his office as an individual contributor. There is no doubt in my mind that he knows what he loves.
我有一位同事，他在我1998 年加入微軟的時候已經(jīng)在微軟干了15 年，應(yīng)該有足夠的錢來買一棟樓。但是他每天還是開一輛破舊的Datsun 汽車來上班，來編程。說這不是他深愛的事業(yè)，會有誰信呢？
Tony Hsieh’s Delivering Happiness. It may change your life.
去讀謝家華的《三雙鞋-美捷步總裁謝家華自述》吧，它會改變你的一生。（小編注：本書是“美捷步”（Zappos）首席執(zhí)行官謝家華創(chuàng)造奇跡的心路歷程與商業(yè)哲學(xué)的精華萃取，分享了他在商場與生活中得到的寶貴經(jīng)驗與教訓(xùn)。點此下載試讀）
Offer me one great Microsoft engineer for five “solid” ones: I gladly take the exchange.
給我一位優(yōu)秀的工程師，我會很樂意拿五個“還不錯的”工程師跟你換。
Practice articulating positions you disagree with faithfully and persuasively. Unless you can do this, you’re implicitly assuming that people who disagree with you are idiots. Smart people understand why smart people disagree.
練習(xí)如何有說服力的表達(dá)你不同意的觀點，如果你不這樣做，你就會在心里暗罵與你“道不同”的人是蠢貨一個。聰明人會明白為什么其他聰明的人有時會不同意。
People keep asking for executive accountability when something goes wrong. When’s the last time you saw a line engineer take accountability – real, public accountability, the type that says, “I screwed up. This needs to go on my review. I will make this right, or I will find another position”?
發(fā)生問題的時候，人們總是讓管理人擔(dān)當(dāng)責(zé)任。你什么時候見過底下的工程師說過：“這是我的錯，應(yīng)該寫在我的業(yè)績審查里面。我會把它修好，或者辭職�！�
The team you want to join is the one that’s hard to get into.
你最想加入的團(tuán)隊就是最難進(jìn)的團(tuán)隊。
If it seems easy getting a bunch of great reviews, you’re probably working on the wrong team.
如果你很容易就能夠得到許多很好的評價，也許這說明你進(jìn)入了錯誤的團(tuán)隊。
Do you practice specific skills with repetition and intent? Athletes do drills. Musicians hone difficult passages. What do you do?
你還在堅持練習(xí)你的技術(shù)么？運(yùn)動員天天訓(xùn)練，音樂家也會演練更難的曲章。你呢？
Mentees sometimes ask for the secret to my moderate career success. They’re disappointed when I tell them that it’s partially due to hard work. It sounds trite and preachy, like a public service announcement, like I’m commending myself for breaking a light sweat. As if they’d be more satisfied with an answer like, “I clawed my way up to middle management through shameless brownnosing.” My first year at Microsoft, I had a sleeping bag in my office and worked all the time. On weekends, I still write code to learn new technologies. I regularly read books about leadership, communication, management, and technology. Equally smart people fare differently in their careers partly based on the amount they’re willing to put in. Anyone who tells you otherwise is selling something.
有些新員工會問我獲得職業(yè)成功的秘訣。當(dāng)我告訴他們答案是“努力工作”時，他們通常會很失望。這聽起來像陳腐的說教，還像是自夸。如果我的答案是“我之所以能夠爬到中層管理崗位是因為我很善于給上級拍馬屁”，他們也許會更滿意。我來微軟的第一年就帶了個睡袋到辦公室，而且經(jīng)常加班，周末的時候，我也是在寫代碼，學(xué)習(xí)新技術(shù)。我會看團(tuán)隊管理和如何與人溝通的書籍。才智相當(dāng)?shù)娜嗽诼殬I(yè)生涯上會有不同的發(fā)展，主要是因為他們的付出有多有少。如果有人另有說法，那他可能是想向你“兜售”點什么。
Follow great people. Work for great people.
跟隨杰出的人，為杰出的人工作。
Above all else: Integrity. You must be able to trust who you work with and for. Theodore Roosevelt once fired a rancher who stole some neighboring cattle and added them to Roosevelt’s herd. When asked about this by incredulous friends, Roosevelt simply replied, “A man who steals for me will also steal from me.”
最重要的是：做人要誠信。你必須信任和你一起工作的人。羅斯福有一次開除了他的牧場主，因為那位牧場主偷了鄰居的牛，然后把它們放到了羅斯福的牛群中。當(dāng)他的朋友詢問他為什么時，羅斯�；卮� “為我偷東西的人，也會從我這里偷東西�！�
A PM once remarked of a former Microsoft VP known for being ultra-aggressive in meetings: “I’d rather have him pissing from my tent than into my tent.” Everyone within earshot chuckled at this witty political insight. I’d actually rather not have anybody pissing on any tents, mine or otherwise.
一位PM 曾經(jīng)評價過一位在會議上很具進(jìn)攻性的副總裁，“我寧可讓他從我這邊往別人那里噴，而不是從別人那里往我這里噴�！甭牭降乃腥硕夹α�。我更希望誰也別噴誰。
Organizations which design systems … are constrained to produce designs which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations.–Conway’s Law (Melvin Conway)
康威定律（Conway’s Law）：“設(shè)計系統(tǒng)的組織，最終產(chǎn)生的設(shè)計等同于組織之內(nèi)、之間的溝通結(jié)構(gòu)。”
Don’t ship the org chart.–Steven Sinofsk
永遠(yuǎn)不要發(fā)出組織的架構(gòu)圖。－Steven Sinofsky（史蒂文·辛諾夫斯基，微軟Windows事業(yè)部主管）
You can control outcomes with three types of approaches: a) People Control, where you decide who to hire, who to fire, and who to put in what positions; b) Action Control, where you tell people what to do; and c) Results Control, where you define the metrics of success. Know when to use which.
你可以通過三種方法控制你的結(jié)果：1. 控制人，你可以選擇雇傭誰，解雇誰，把什么人放到什么位置上；2. 行為控制，你可以告訴他們該做什么；C. 結(jié)果控制，你告訴他們需要什么樣的結(jié)果而度量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么。你要知道什么時候適合用什么方法。
Isn’t it a neat feeling when you’re introduced to a coworker’s kids or spouse? For a moment, the bubble of work is burst. You imagine baseball games, music recitals, anniversary dinners. I remind myself of this when I get frustrated at people.
當(dāng)你被介紹認(rèn)識同事的孩子或者配偶時，這種感覺是不是很好？在一瞬間，工作和生活之間的隔閡消失了，你會聯(lián)想到籃球，音樂會，慶祝晚宴等。當(dāng)我對同事不滿意的時候，我就會用這些提醒自己。
I love watching exceptional people do what they’re good at. It amazes and inspires me. I once saw an alleyway chef in Shanghai turn a basketball-sized clump of dough into hand-pulled noodles for a table of eight, amid a blur of arm movements in under a minute. Ever watch speed stacking? We each have astonishing potential.
我喜歡看到有才能的人們做他們最擅長的事情，因為這能夠很好的激勵我。我在上海的一個胡同里面看到一個大廚把一個籃球大小的面團(tuán)用手拉成了8 個人吃的面條，而且整個過程都在一分鐘內(nèi)完成。我們每人都具有驚人的潛能。
Amidst some LCA controversy around “Dr. Who(m),” a site I worked very hard on creating after hours, I arrived at my office to find a handmade two-foot-high Dalek. Someone had taken the time to print, cut, and tape together a mascot to support me. What inspires people to this sort of kindness? I still don’t know who did this for me – but if you’re reading this, thank you.
當(dāng)我編寫的Dr. Who 網(wǎng)站（微軟內(nèi)部查詢?nèi)说墓ぞ撸┦艿搅朔墒聞?wù)部的一些抗議時，有人把一個兩英尺高的“Dalek”（小編注：Dalek，中文名為戴立克，是英國BBC著名科幻電視劇《Doctor Who》（神秘博士）中Doctor 最大的機(jī)器人生命體對頭。）塑像放在我的辦公室里，表示支持。我現(xiàn)在還不知道這是誰做的，但是如果你在讀這封信，謝謝。
Spend time with people whether they’ll be “useful” to you someday or not. Respond to emails whether from a VP or from a campus hire. This advice will likely make you less “efficient.” But it’s good advice nevertheless.
花時間和其他人在一起，無論他們對你是不是“有用”�；貜�(fù)所有人的郵件，無論他是副總裁還是一名大學(xué)實習(xí)生。這條建議你可能認(rèn)為并不是特別“有效”，但它卻是條好的建議。
We used to get Dove Bars and beers all the time. It felt like free food was on offer at least once a week, usually with a pretense of some small milestone to celebrate. Why did we cut stuff like this? (I know the boring fiscal reasons why. I’m asking the deeper why, as in, “Was it worth the savings? Is Microsoft better now that we’ve cut these costs?”)
我們以前經(jīng)常會有免費(fèi)的啤酒和吃的，基本每一個產(chǎn)品的大小里程碑都會有一次慶祝。我們?yōu)槭裁船F(xiàn)在沒有了？（我知道財政上的原因，但我想知道更深層次的原因。省那點錢值得嗎？現(xiàn)在的微軟比從前更好了嗎？）
One day, a sign appeared on a soda fridge in RedWest saying something to the effect of, “Did you know that drinks cost Microsoft [ed: millions of dollars] a year? Sodas are your perk at work. Don’t bring them home.” This depressed me on too many levels to enumerate, but I’ll toss out a few:
有一天， 一個標(biāo)貼出現(xiàn)在微軟雷德蒙西區(qū)的冰箱上，它是這樣寫的：“你知道微軟每年在飲料上要花費(fèi)掉幾百萬美金嗎？飲料是公司的，請不要帶回家”。這使我非常郁悶的原因很多，簡單說幾個：
1.Someone had enough time to get these signs professionally printed and affixed to our fridges.
有人有足夠的時間去把這些標(biāo)牌做得很專業(yè)并且貼到了冰箱上。
2.It was someone’s salaried, 40-hour-a-week job to do things like this.
有人在領(lǐng)每周40小時的工作薪水，竟然有做這個事情的工作崗位。
3.Someone thought soda smuggling was a big enough “problem” at Microsoft to draw attention to it.
有人認(rèn)為帶走幾瓶飲料會是一個很大的問題，是值得微軟去注意的事情。
How much soda can a person steal? How much does that same person cost the company per hour in salary and benefits? Our most interesting profits will come from capitalizing on huge opportunities, not from micromanaging costs. I’m sure some finance person will lambast me for this, which would only further depress me. Believe in our upside. Focus on our upside.
一個人能帶走幾瓶飲料？同樣一個人每小時的薪水和福利是多少？我們最大的盈利是來自于我們的潛能最大化，而不是我們的成本最小化。我相信，財務(wù)人員看到這段話會揍我，這只會讓我更沮喪。相信我們賺錢的能力，把注意力放在賺錢上面，而不是省錢。
Leadership is the art of getting people to want to do what you know must be done. This was told to me third hand; I’ve unfortunately lost the attribution.
帶領(lǐng)和管理的藝術(shù)是讓人們想去做你認(rèn)為必須要做的事情。這句話是我從別人那里批發(fā)過來的，不幸的是，我不知道這是誰說的（小編注：據(jù)說這句話是美國第34任總統(tǒng)艾森豪威爾說的）。
What have you enjoyed most in your time at Microsoft? What made that experience great? How can you do more of that?
你在微軟最開心的是什么時候？是什么讓你這么開心？你怎樣可以做得更好？
What would you do if you hit the lottery? How can you do some of that right now?
如果中了彩票大獎，你會做什么？當(dāng)中有什么是你現(xiàn)在就能動手做的呢？
Individuals are the sole cause of anything that’s ever happened.
所有發(fā)生的一切都是從個人開始的。
一般將來時(Simple Future Tense)
一般將來時也譯為單純將來時。
例A：I shall not come if it rains tomorrow.
�。ㄈ缑魈煜掠晡揖筒粊怼＃�
例B：My brother will leave for the United States next week.
�。ㄎ业母绺缦滦瞧谝矫绹�。）
解說 從句式我們可以了解一般將來時的表達(dá)須借助于助動詞“shall／will”。關(guān)于“shall／will”的用法，傳統(tǒng)文法談得很多，同時各文法學(xué)家的理論也不很一致。更重要的是英國人和美國人對“shall／will”的用法規(guī)則并不很一致，也不很嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，所以本書擬只提供下面的五個規(guī)則，相信各位只要把下面這五個規(guī)則學(xué)通了，你的“shall／will”的用法就可以中規(guī)中矩了。
�、僬f或?qū)懚急M量使用“I'll, You'll, He'll , She'll , It'll, We'll , They'll …”的簡縮形（如用法例2、3）。
�、谝磉_(dá)主語的“意志”，通常都用“will”（文法上稱為意志將來。）
例A：I won't see him again.
（我不愿意再和他見面。）
例B：Who will go and help that poor old man?
（誰愿意去幫助那個可憐的老人？）
Mary will . （瑪莉愿意。）
�、壅f話者要把自己的“意志”表達(dá)或行使出去，通常用“shall”。
例A：You shall not do that again.
（你不可以再做那樣的事。）
例B：He shall return that book tomorrow.
（明天他必須把那本書歸還。）
④第一人稱問句使用“shall”。
例A：Shall I call you a taxi ?
�。ㄐ枰姨婺憬幸惠v出租車嗎？）
例B：Shall we tell her the truth ?
�。ㄎ覀兛梢园褜嵡楦嬖V她嗎？）
�、輪柧涫恰癝hall…?”，答句就用“shall ~”；問句用“Will …？”，答句就用“will ~ ”。
例A：Shall you go to school tomorrow ?
（你明天須要上學(xué)去嗎？）
Yes, I shall . We'll have an exam .
（是的，我必須去。我們明天有考試。）
例B：Will you go to school with me tomorrow?
（明天你要不要和我一道去學(xué)校？）
No, I won't . I'm going on a picnic.
�。ㄎ也灰Ｎ乙讯ê靡ソ加�。）
注：Let's …”的附加疑問通常使用“…, shall we ?”。
Let's have a rest, shall we?
�。ㄎ覀冃菹⒁幌拢鯓�？）
一般將來時除了使用“shall／will + V…”以外，也可以使用下列的幾種句式來表達(dá)。
1．be going to + V … （即將會……；打算將……）
例A：It is going to rain. Take an umbrella with you.
�。◣б话褌闳ァ？礃幼泳鸵掠炅�。）
例B：The Browns are going to move to Australia.
�。ú祭氏壬掖蛩氵w移到澳大利亞去。）
2．be about to + V （即將……，指緊接著要發(fā)生的動作。）
例：Let's wait a minute. He is about to arrive.
�。ㄎ覀兊纫幌�。他即將會到達(dá)。）
3．be + V-ing …（定于……，指接近的將來動作。）
例：He is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.
�。ㄋㄓ诿魈煸绯康较愀廴�。）
4．be + to V （定于……，指預(yù)定的將來動作。）
例：She is to be here at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow.
�。ㄋㄓ诿鞒烤艜r到達(dá)這里。）
5．V-（e）s （定于……，指接近的將來動作，但不如第3項主觀。）
例：He leaves for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.
�。ㄋㄓ诿魈煸绯康较愀廴ァ！c（3）項的區(qū)別在于（3）項的動作是出自主語的決定，（5）項則不一定是出自主語的決定。）
常用于修飾一般將來時的時間副詞有：tomorrow, tomorrow morning （afternoon, evening）, next + 時間 （next night, next Monday …, next week, month…, next summer…, next year）, in （the） future （將來），soon （不久之后），in +時間 （in five days——再過五天，in two weeks——再過二星期），etc.
Drilling Square
�、瘢堅谙铝懈黝}空格處填入shall或will。
1．You ______ not drive through a red light.
2．I ______ do everything for her.
3．______ you help me with this heavy bag, John?
4．______ I help you with that heavy bag, Madam?
5．Let's go and take a walk after dinner, ______ we?
6．"No one ______ leave the classroom if I haven't said Okay," said the teacher.
7．It ______ soon be over, I am sure.
8．Do what you ______ , but don't go out.
9．I ______ take you there with me, if it's OK with your mother.
10．Rain or shine, I ______ come.
�、颍堅谙铝懈黝}空格處就所設(shè)動詞給予適當(dāng)?shù)膶頃r。
1．A：How do you want to go to Hualain, by air or by train?
B：I am not in a hurry this time, so I （1） take the train.
2．A：（2） （you like） to go to the game this afternoon?
B：I'd love to. Where （3） （we meet） ?
A：You just stay home and wait for me. I （4） drive my car there, so I （5） （pick） you up at about 1:30 .
3．A：It's a good dictionary . I （6） （buy） it, but I don't have money with me now.
B：Don't worry. I （7） （lend） you.
4．A：I hear Miss Chen （8） leave our school and teach in a bigger school in Taipei.
B：But the principal （校長） （9） not let her go . He says she （10） teach at least for another semester until he finds a new teacher.
英語六級詞匯與語法結(jié)構(gòu)命題趨勢
詞匯命題趨勢
《大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱修訂稿》對大學(xué)英語基礎(chǔ)階段詞匯教學(xué)的較高要求(六級)規(guī)定如下：
領(lǐng)會式掌握的單詞為5，500個，其中復(fù)合式掌握的單詞為3，000個，以及由這些詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組2000條(中學(xué)所掌握的單詞和詞組包括在內(nèi))，并具有按照構(gòu)詞法識別生詞的能力，領(lǐng)會式掌握是指看到英語單詞能理解其詞義，復(fù)合式掌握是指能正確拼寫單詞并掌握其基本詞義和用法。大學(xué)英語六級測試就是檢驗學(xué)生是否達(dá)到了較高要求。
在大學(xué)英語六級考試中，詞匯和語法同屬一個考試項目，考試時間為20分鐘，考試題數(shù)為30個，計分為每小題0.5分，其計15分。題目分配：30道題中，約60%(18道題)為詞和短語的用法，約40%(12道題)為語法結(jié)構(gòu)�？梢�，與四級測試相比而言，六級更重視詞匯的測試�？荚嚪秶鸀榻虒W(xué)大綱詞匯表一至六級全部內(nèi)容。測試詞匯量大約5000～5300個單詞及一定量的習(xí)語，涉及動詞、動詞短語、名詞、形容詞和副詞等，目的是為了測試學(xué)生運(yùn)用詞、短語的能力。
從歷年大學(xué)英語六級考試的試卷分析可以看出：詞匯測試主要集中在詞義的記憶與辨析、詞匯的搭配與用法等項目上，歸納起來，可大致分為下列幾種：?
1.同義、近義辨析題 詞匯區(qū)別是詞匯測試的一個重要方面，它主要是對同義詞或近義詞在含義與用法上進(jìn)行區(qū)別。這類試題的選項是四個詞性相同、詞義相同或相近的詞。測試的目的在于檢測考生辨別詞義和運(yùn)用詞匯的能力。詞匯區(qū)別一直是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語過程中遇到的一大難題。這主要是由于他們沒有掌握漢英兩種語言在詞匯方面的差異，往往只注意英語的漢語釋義，而忽略了其本身的內(nèi)在涵義和用法。 eg. The driver of the lorry sustained only minor to legs and arms. A. hurt B. wound C. harm D. injury 答案 D。餐車司機(jī)的腿和胳膊只受了一些輕傷。這道題測試考生對同義詞細(xì)微差別的辨別能力。四個選項中的名詞都含有“傷害”之意，但它們之間還有語義使用范圍上的細(xì)微差別。hurt多指“感情、精神”上的傷害。wound多指由槍炮等武器所造成的傷害。harm指危害、害傷。injury指在事故、戰(zhàn)爭中所受的傷害。根據(jù)題意，答案應(yīng)選D。
2.近形詞匯題 英語詞匯中，有一些拼寫很相似，但它們的詞義或詞性卻不同。英語六級考試的一條重要命題規(guī)律就是用形近詞來干擾考生作出正確選擇。其目的是要檢測考生辨別詞形和運(yùn)用詞匯的能力。如果考生平時不善于對形近詞進(jìn)行自覺的對比，對它們的差異不甚了解，那就會在答題時緋徊不定，難以作出正確的選擇，甚至張冠李戴。? eg.Though the long term cannot be predicted, the project has been approved by the committee. A.affect B.effect C.effort D.afford 答案 B。盡管工程的遠(yuǎn)期效果還無法預(yù)測，委員會還是批準(zhǔn)了這項工程。這四個詞拼寫相似，但它們的詞義或詞性卻不同。affect動詞，意為“影響”；effect為名詞，意為“效果”；effort名詞，意為“努力”；afford動詞，意為“負(fù)擔(dān)得起；提供”。掌握了它們之間的這些差異，你會毫不猶豫地選擇B。
3.詞組與習(xí)慣用法辨析題 1)動詞短語搭配 英語動詞短語是英語的難點之一，它是由動詞+副詞、動詞+介詞、動詞+副詞+介詞幾種方式構(gòu)成的慣用組合，具有自己獨特的意義。其意義、語法、用法等常使考生感到困難。首先，動詞短語的詞義不是動詞和副詞、介詞等小品詞的簡單組合，往往難以從字面上理解。其次，動詞短語的使用場合及范圍不易弄清楚。第三，同義、近義和反義的動詞短語容易混淆。要學(xué)好英語，必須學(xué)會使用動詞短語。測試動詞短語的題目在詞匯題中占有很大的比例，其目的是測試考生辨別和運(yùn)用動詞短語，尤其是同一動詞所構(gòu)成的不同動詞短語的能力。? eg.The car won't start because the battery was ._______ A.run up B.run down C.run off D.run over 答案 B。蓄電池電力減弱了，因此汽車無法發(fā)動起來。這是一個因果關(guān)系的句子�！捌嚍槭裁窗l(fā)動不起來?”原因是“電池電力減弱”。四個選項中，只有run down有“減弱”之意，其它三個選擇項與本句意思不合。run up表示“增長”，run off“逃離”；run over“溢出”。如果考生掌握了這四個動詞短語的含義，就會作出正確的選擇了。?
2)習(xí)慣用語題 英語習(xí)語(English idiom)具有特有的、約定俗成的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，如“步行”，可說on foot,不說by foot，而“乘車”要說by bus,不說on bus。再如anything but與nothing but兩個詞組意義完全不同anything but的基本意思是not at all,而nothing but的基本意思是only。英語中的習(xí)語令人眼花繚亂，其構(gòu)成形式有的甚至無規(guī)律可循。它們通常由兩個或兩個以上的詞組成，不能任意拆開。其意義常常不是單詞意義的簡單結(jié)合，而是另外具有新的意義。因此，應(yīng)把詞組作為一個整體來記。測試的目的是檢驗考生對常用詞組的理解和運(yùn)用能力。? eg.Please don't stand in the kitchen door, you're ______ . A.in a way B.by the way C.in no way D.in the way 答案 D。不要站在廚房門口，你擋路了。這四個選擇項都是固定詞組，都有自己的含義。ina way表示“在某種程度上或某點上”；by the way“順便說一下”；in no way“決不”；in the way表示“擋路，妨礙”；“阻止”。根據(jù)題意答案應(yīng)為D。學(xué)生面對這些貌似雜亂無章，沒有規(guī)律可循的習(xí)慣表達(dá)法，一方面要廣讀多看，博詞強(qiáng)記；另一方面還要會尋找規(guī)律，學(xué)會歸納，避免機(jī)械記憶而事倍功半。 總而言之，解答詞匯題的先決條件是對詞匯的理解和辨析。因此考生平時要注意弄清楚詞的內(nèi)涵和外部關(guān)系，尤其是要注意了解名詞、動詞、形容詞等實詞彼此之間以及它們與介詞或副詞之間的搭配關(guān)系。與此同時，還要留心詞的慣用法，把習(xí)語作為一個整體儲存在腦海里。?
語法命題趨勢
語法結(jié)構(gòu)是考生必須掌握的一個重要部分。在六級考試中，語法內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在詞語用法與語法結(jié)構(gòu)這一部分(Vocabulary and Structure)。從以往考試的全真題來看，語法結(jié)構(gòu)所占的比例略小于詞語用法，但數(shù)目相差并不多。語法測試要求考生根據(jù)題目所提供的某種線索，從給出的四個選擇項中選出在語法規(guī)則上、語意邏輯上及文體上與題干完全吻合的最佳答案。從內(nèi)容上來看，語法部分的測試強(qiáng)調(diào)全面性，除略微偏重虛擬語氣外，教學(xué)大綱語法結(jié)構(gòu)表中的其他語法項目幾乎都涉及到了。語法測試的另一個重要特點是其特殊性，測試的重點多為語法項目中的特殊點，如虛擬語氣中if的省略與倒裝、情態(tài)動詞與完成體的搭配等。 因此，考生必須在全面、準(zhǔn)確、透徹掌握基本語法項目的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步鉆研其中特殊的疑難點，并輔以大量的練習(xí)，才能順利通過語法難關(guān)。 語法結(jié)構(gòu)部分主要測試時態(tài)和語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、主從復(fù)合句(定語從句、名詞從句、狀語從句等)、句法結(jié)構(gòu)(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型、倒裝語序、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)等)以及一致問題、固定句型等內(nèi)容�？忌枰⒁獾氖�，在開始答題之前，一定要對選擇項及題干進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的分析，辨明該題所要測試的語法點以及出題者的測試意圖，只有這樣，在應(yīng)試時才能做到心中有數(shù)，臨場不亂。
常見標(biāo)點符號的用法
句號 Period [.]
用以表示一個句子的結(jié)束
Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.
The federal government is based in Ottawa.
用在縮寫中
B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.
Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.
The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.
It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.
問號 Question Mark [?]
在句子的結(jié)尾使用問號表示是直接疑問句：
How many provinces are there in Canada?
注意：在間接疑問句結(jié)尾不要加問號：
The teacher asked the class a question.
Do not ask me why.
嘆號 Exclamation Mark [!]
在句子的結(jié)尾使用嘆號表示驚訝、興奮等情緒：
We won the Stanley Cup!
The forest is on fire!
逗號 Comma [,]
句子中的停頓
Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.
在疑問句中引出說話人：
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
排列三個或以上的名詞：
Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.
引出定語從句
Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.
單引號 Apostrophe [']
表示所有
This is David's computer.
These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)
Note: 對于復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，只加'
These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)
縮寫I don't know how to fix it.
[NextPage]
引號Quotation Marks ["]
直接引出某人說的話：
The prime minister said, "We will win the election."
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
冒號Colon [:]
引出一系列名詞
There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.
引出一個較長的引語
The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."
分號Semicolon [;]
將兩個相關(guān)的句子連接起來
The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.
和逗號一同使用引出一系列名詞
The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.
破折號Dash [-]
在一個句子前作總結(jié)
Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.
在一個句子的前面或后面加入額外的注釋
The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.
表示某人在說話過程中被打斷
The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.
連字符Hyphen [-]
連接兩個單詞
sweet-smelling
fire-resistant
將前綴
anti-Canadian
non-contact
在數(shù)字中使用
one-quarter
twenty-three
三十五個經(jīng)典句型 幫你過寫作關(guān)（英語四級）
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名詞 + (that) + 主詞 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容詞 + 名詞 + (that) + 主詞 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
海倫是我所看過最美麗的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
張老師是我曾經(jīng)遇到最仁慈的教師。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.
沒有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.
�。ㄔ僭趺磸�(qiáng)調(diào)...的重要性也不為過。）
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我們再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)眼睛的重要性也不為過。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否認(rèn)的...）
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否認(rèn)的，我們的生活品質(zhì)已經(jīng)每況愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道樹木對我們是不可或缺的。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫無疑問的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫無疑問的我們的教育制度令人不滿意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的優(yōu)點是...）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.
使用太陽能的優(yōu)點是它不會制造任何污染。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我們必須種樹的原因是它們能供應(yīng)我們新鮮的空氣。
九、So + 形容詞 + be + 主詞 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）
例句：So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.
時間是如此珍貴，我們經(jīng)不起浪費(fèi)它。
十、Adj + as + Subject（主詞）+ be, S + V~~~ （雖然...）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
{by no means = in no way = on no account 一點也不}
雖然我們的國家富有，我們的生活品質(zhì)絕對令人不滿意。
十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）
例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力，你愈進(jìn)步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我們書讀愈多，我們愈有學(xué)問。
十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借著...，..能夠..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
借著做運(yùn)動，我們能夠始終保持健康。
十三、~~~ enable + Object（受詞）+ to + V （..使..能夠..）
例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.
聽音樂使我們能夠感覺輕松。
十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我們絕對不能...）
例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我們絕對不能忽略知識的價值。
十五、It is time + S + 過去式 （該是...的時候了）
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
該是有關(guān)當(dāng)局采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧﹣斫鉀Q交通問題的時候了。
十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...）
例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
違反交通規(guī)定的人應(yīng)該受處罰。
十七、There is no one but ~~~ （沒有人不...）
例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.
沒有人不渴望上大學(xué)。
十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...）
例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.
既然考試迫在眉睫，我不得不放棄做運(yùn)動。
十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的）
It is obvious that + 句子 （明顯的）
It is apparent that + 句子 （顯然的）
例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
可想而知，知識在我們的一生中扮演一個重要的角色。
二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因）
例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it.
夏天很燠熱。那就是我不喜歡它的原因。
二十一、For the past + 時間，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式...（過去...年來，...一直...）
例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.
過去兩年來，我一直忙著準(zhǔn)備考試。
二十二、Since + S + 過去式，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式。
例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.
自從他上高中，他一直很用功。
二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。）
例句：It pays to help others.
幫助別人是值得的。
二十四、be based on （以...為基礎(chǔ)）
例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.
社會的進(jìn)步是以和諧為基礎(chǔ)的。
二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遺余力的）
We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我們應(yīng)該不遺余力的美化我們的環(huán)境。
二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （讓...明白...事）
例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我們應(yīng)該讓人們明白努力的價值。
二十七、be closely related to ~~ （與...息息相關(guān)）
例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做運(yùn)動與健康息息相關(guān)。
二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving
= make it a rule to + V （養(yǎng)成...的習(xí)慣）
We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我們應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成早睡早起的習(xí)慣。
二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ （因為...）
例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
因為他的鼓勵，我終于實現(xiàn)我的夢想。
三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...�。�
例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!
How important a thing it is to keep our promise!
遵守諾言是多么重要的事！
三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不滿意）
例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
我們的交通狀況令人不滿意。
三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ （對...有很大的影響）
例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.
抽煙對我們的健康有很大的影響。
三十三、do good to （對...有益），do harm to （對...有害）
例句：Reading does good to our mind.讀書對心靈有益。
Overwork does harm to health.工作過度對健康有害。
三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ （對...造成一大威脅）
例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
污染對我們的生存造成一大威脅。
三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best （盡全力去...）
例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.
我們應(yīng)盡全力去達(dá)成我們的人生目標(biāo)。
50個最容易出錯的語法題
1, It displease my parents when Richard and I stay out late every night. My
parents don ’ t approve_____.
A, of me and Richard staying out late every night.
B, of Richard and me staying out late every night.
C, of Richard ’ s and my staying out late every night.
D, when Richard and me stay out late every night.
2, “ As for their going along with us, “ she said, “________ ”.
A, my husband and myself certainly have no objection.
B, certainly my husband and I have no objection.
C, either I or my husband certainly have no objection.
D, either my husband or I certainly have no objection.
3, “ any thing wrong? ”“ there was no objection on the part of ________ p
resent ”.
A, this.
B, those.
C, these.
D, who.
4, Although oriental ideas of woman ’ s subordination to man prevailed in t
hose days, she_______ meet with men on an equal basis.
A, did not dared.
B, dared not
C, dared not to.
D, did dare not to.
5, The stars (awaken) a certain reverence in man because, (though) always (p
resent), they are beyond (your) reach.
6, I had hoped( to have learned )French before my trip (to Paris), but I (di
d not have) any (extra money) for a course.
7, “ what is the difference? ”
“ this furniture is different from______ ”.
A, that book.
B, your.
C, that one.
D, that.
8,“ we walked twenty miles today. ”“ I never guessed you could have walke
d _____ ”.
A, as.
B, this.
C, that.
d. such.
9,“ what did Jack do last year? ”. “ I heard ____ taught German. ”.
a, he.
B, his.
c. he is.
d. him.
10,“ did you see any foreigner present at the party? ”.
“ he was the only foreigner ____ I saw at the party. ”.
a, whom.
B, that .
C, who.
d. which.
11, (Nobody) who will not try to help the other people (develop) (his )abili
ties (deserves) to have friends.
12, (there is ) often disagreement( as ) (to whom) is the (better) Shakespea
rean actor, Evans or Gielgud.
13, John was ( the only one ) of the boys (whom) as you know ( was) not (eli
gible).
14, The ( irritable) sergeant (was) insistent that nothing (superseded) the
drilling of ( the forty new men.).
15, (Still holding) the young man’s hand, he paused, and then (added delibe
rately): now I am not the man to let a cause (to be lost) ( for want of )a w
ord.
16, “What do you think about these pies?”
“ I would like to have_____”.
A, some other.
B, another.
c. the other.
d. other.
17, The FORMation of snow (must be occurring) (slowly), in calm air, and at
temperature (near) the ( freezing) point.
18, Carol said (that) she (went) ( to) the supermarket (before coming) home.
19, (Weighed) down by a mass of trivial detail, a housewife is fortunate if
she (did not) soon (lose ) all her charm and (three-quarters )of her intelli
gence.
20, When our neighbor’s daughter( caught) her fingers in the car door, she
(did not cry) even though it (must) have (hurted) her.
21, I will employ the man ______ they say is a fluent speaker of English.
A, who.
B, that.
C, which.
d. whom.
22, “Then about tolstoy’s great novels”.
“ who_____ has read his great novels can forget their fascination?”
a, who.
B, that.
c. which
d. whoever.
23, Since the earliest ancestors of the whales were land creatures, the ques
tion has arisen as to how____________.
A, did the flipper adaptation of the whale originate.
B, was the flipper adaptation of the whale originated.
c. the flipper adaptation of the whale originated.
D, the flipper adaptation of the whale to originate.
24, Most (aggregate) rocks are fused, and, (as is implied ) by the name, (ha
s originated) (by the aggregation ) of smaller stones.
25, The Amish, (whose) culture is (unique) American, have (developed) a (dis
tinctive) tradition in organic farming.
26, By the time smith (graduates) from (dental school), he will be (twenty-s
ix) (years of age).
27, (standing in the driveway), the house (appeared to be ) much smaller tha
n (it had seemed ) (to us as children) many years ago.
28, Kevin is (particularly) (fond of) cooking, and he (really) (cooks) delic
ious meals.
29, I held an opinion that ( a honest man) who married and brought (up) a la
rge family did more service than (he) who continued (single ) and only talke
d of the population.
30, After (the church ) ( the men) stood together ( in the churchyard) (sayi
ng) he must be crazy.
31, “do you need more water in the pan?”
“no, it has ___________”.
A, already enough full.
B, full already enough.
C, already had enough.
D, had already enough.
32, This is ___________ such a thing.
A, my first time of seeing.
B, my first time to see.
C, the first time I have ever seen.
D, my first time I have ever seen.
33, “ after that, what happened to him?”
“ the chance to enter_____ come and he took it.”
A, to college.
B, the college.
c. for college.
d. college.
34, There has been (hardly no sign of ) agreement ( as yet) (between ) the
management and labor ( in their ) dispute over wages and working conditions.
35, ________ lessons were not difficult.
A, our first few short French.
B, our few first short French.
c. our few first French short.
D, few our first French short.
36, Bill said that he didn’t do _______ paper work.
A, many.
B, lots of .
c. a great deal of .
d. much.
37, I waited there for thirty minutes; that seemed ________ hours to me.
A, many.
B, very much.
C, as many.
d. so many.
38, No one (on ) the committee had flatly made (some ) such allegation, ( th
ough) Wayne Morse did come (close) by declaring that the U.S. had irritated
the North Vietnamese.
39, There (have been ) (many) an argument (about) (its) proper usage.
40, ( the social studies), (broad speaking), (deal with) man’s ( relationsh
ip to other men).
41, Founded ( in ) 1961 ( and employed) an estimated 35,000 people, the orga
nization (has gained) a reputation for brutality.
42, “john had the piano tuned today.”
“ was it_______?”.
A, out of tune badly before.
B, before badly out of tune.
C, badly out of tune before.
D, out of tune before badly.
43, “l(fā)eaving for Chicago?”
“_______.”
A, soon.
B, lately.
c. late.
d. sooner.
44, “ jane acts quite unfriendly.”
“ I think she is ________ than unfriendly.”
A, shyer.
B, shy.
C, more shy rather.
D, more shy.
45, “would you like me to go to the doctor with you?”
“no, you_______ with me.”
A, need not to go.
B, do not need go.
c. need not go.
D, need to not.
46, No (other )beverage comes (even) close to rivaling coffee as the (more w
idely) drunk refreshment in the (world).
47, Strangers (come) into her city (now) notice what a (clean) place ( it is
48, Professor Anderson thought that because historical parallels are so ( mu
ch) used unprecisely and uncritically it (would) be (better) to avoid them a
ltogether in our themes.
49,“ I did not go to the party.”
“did _____ go to the party?”
a, many john friends.
B, many john’s friends.
C, my sister boy friend.
D, a boy friend of my sister’s.
50, “what did you see?”
“ we saw_____ police there”.
A, many.
B, much.
c. little.
d. the.
51, (when) and (by whom) the islands of the west Indies were first settled i
s a matter (of debating) (among) archaeologists.
52, (Cliff’s and Al’s) car (broke down) again, but (luckily) they knew ( h
ow to fix) it.
53, (from the top ) of the tower, Jacob was able ( to clearly and easily see
) the (whole ) city (stretching) out below him.
54, Joan ( decided) that she did not like the (girl eating) an ice-cream con
e on the bus after (she) ( yelled) at her little brother.
BBBBD/ADCAB/
CCBCC/BABBD/
BBCCB/BACAA/
CCBAA/DCBAB/
BCADC/CAADD/
CABC
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