英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告集合7篇
我們眼下的社會(huì)，我們都不可避免地要接觸到報(bào)告，我們?cè)趯憟?bào)告的時(shí)候要注意語(yǔ)言要準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔。一聽到寫報(bào)告馬上頭昏腦漲？以下是小編為大家整理的英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告，歡迎大家分享。
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告1
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告2
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告3
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告4
一、論文題目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching
二、研究現(xiàn)狀：
三、研究的目的及意義：
通過(guò)對(duì)目前已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來(lái)并比較成熟的幾種互動(dòng)模式的歸納來(lái)看：關(guān)于人際互動(dòng)這種互動(dòng)模式在目前的.互動(dòng)性研究中被單獨(dú)研究還比較少，沒(méi)有被當(dāng)作一種獨(dú)立的模式應(yīng)用到英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中，它更多的是被貫穿到其他幾種互動(dòng)模式當(dāng)中。因此，本論題認(rèn)為它還有進(jìn)一步研究的空間。
四、研究的理論依據(jù)和研究方法：
本論題將以教育心理學(xué)的理論為基礎(chǔ)，以互動(dòng)理論和構(gòu)建主義理論為依據(jù)，運(yùn)用歸納總結(jié)的方法對(duì)已有的研究進(jìn)行宏觀上的概述，從而引出本文論題，通過(guò)例證分析、驗(yàn)證人際互動(dòng)模式對(duì)課堂英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)效果的提高所具有的重要意義。
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告5
摘要
中國(guó)一向是禮儀之邦，禮儀對(duì)每個(gè)中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的，無(wú)論是會(huì)見親朋好友或者是在人與人的打交道上，都離不開禮儀。禮儀被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)人道德修養(yǎng)的表現(xiàn)，一個(gè)人若毫無(wú)禮儀可言，那么他在學(xué)習(xí)或工作時(shí)都將不會(huì)很順利，因?yàn)闆](méi)有人愿意和這樣一個(gè)人相處。 由于社交禮儀在我們的生活中扮演了越來(lái)越重要的角色，我在選課的時(shí)候就選修了社交禮儀這門課程。通過(guò)這一個(gè)學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)，我從老師那里學(xué)到了許多有關(guān)社交禮儀方面的知識(shí)，不僅拓寬了知識(shí)面，而且許多東西在我的日常生活和以后的工作中都有很大用處，比如商務(wù)禮儀。
如今隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，特別是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的不斷形成，各國(guó)間的聯(lián)系加強(qiáng)，商務(wù)往來(lái)增多，如何才能在眾多企業(yè)中脫穎而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，還要掌握有效溝通及妥善人際關(guān)系，建立良好優(yōu)雅的企業(yè)形象，此時(shí)，商務(wù)禮儀便起到了一個(gè)十分重要的作用。商務(wù)禮儀顧名思義就是商務(wù)活動(dòng)中對(duì)人的儀容儀表和言談舉止的普遍要求，體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的相互尊重，同時(shí)也約束了商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的某些方面。而在商務(wù)往來(lái)中，任何一個(gè)表現(xiàn)都可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致意想不到的結(jié)果，也許是一塊手表，也許是一頓晚餐。
學(xué)習(xí)了商務(wù)禮儀之后更加讓我意識(shí)到了這一點(diǎn)。學(xué)習(xí)商務(wù)禮儀最主要的是可以提高個(gè)人的素養(yǎng)。比爾蓋茨曾講過(guò)，企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是員工素質(zhì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，進(jìn)而到企業(yè)，就是企業(yè)形象的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，教養(yǎng)體現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)，細(xì)節(jié)展示素質(zhì)，可見一個(gè)人的素養(yǎng)高低對(duì)企業(yè)的發(fā)展是多么重要��！其次是為了交際應(yīng)酬，因?yàn)樯虅?wù)活動(dòng)中畢竟是離不開這個(gè)的，在不同的交往活動(dòng)中我們會(huì)遇到不同的人，而面對(duì)不同的人怎樣進(jìn)行交往也是一門藝術(shù)，如何讓人感到舒服，卻又沒(méi)有拍馬屁的嫌疑是非常關(guān)鍵的'。最后便是有助于維護(hù)企業(yè)形象。在商務(wù)交往中，個(gè)人便代表了整體，個(gè)人的所作所為，一舉一動(dòng)，一言一行，就是企業(yè)的典型活體廣告。
下面將從以下幾點(diǎn)來(lái)對(duì)我所學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)進(jìn)行總結(jié)：
一、禮儀概述
1交際與禮儀產(chǎn)生的歷史背景
人類最早的禮儀活動(dòng)也就是禮儀萌芽時(shí)期，可以追朔到原始社會(huì)， 當(dāng)時(shí)的禮儀較為簡(jiǎn)單和虔誠(chéng)且不具備階級(jí)性，禮儀的內(nèi)容包括；制定了明確血緣關(guān)系的婚嫁禮儀；區(qū)別部族內(nèi)部尊卑等級(jí)的禮制；為祭天敬神的制定的一些祭奠儀式；制定一些人們?cè)谙嗷ソ煌鶗r(shí)表示禮節(jié)表示恭敬的動(dòng)作。
禮儀形成的具體時(shí)期則是；夏、商、西周（公元前21世紀(jì)公元前771年）人類逐步進(jìn)入奴隸社會(huì)，階級(jí)開始形成，統(tǒng)治階級(jí)為了鞏固自己的統(tǒng)治地位把原始宗教禮儀發(fā)展成為符合奴隸社會(huì)政治需要的禮制。在這個(gè)階段中國(guó)第一次形成了比較完整的國(guó)家禮儀與制度，隨著生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，商業(yè)逐步開始出現(xiàn)，直到春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，禮儀制度開始變革，禮儀范圍擴(kuò)大，商業(yè)在社會(huì)中逐步被認(rèn)可，人們因?yàn)樯虅?wù)活動(dòng)而進(jìn)行的往來(lái)也逐步增多，并在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的交際中另外形成了一套禮儀制度商務(wù)禮儀。
到歐洲中世紀(jì)，工業(yè)革命的出現(xiàn) 使得生產(chǎn)力空前的發(fā)展，歐洲各國(guó)開始逐步入資本主義，商業(yè)占據(jù)了社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的主導(dǎo)地位，資本家大量聚集了社會(huì)財(cái)富，新貴由此族誕生，資本家之間的商務(wù)往來(lái)與交際范圍開始擴(kuò)大，貴族之間定期的聚會(huì)則成為了重要的交際方式之一，在交際中所產(chǎn)生的禮儀日漸完善，由此，商務(wù)禮儀也正式形成。部分內(nèi)容沿用至今。 2禮儀的含義及種類
禮儀是規(guī)范自己、尊重他人的一種行為規(guī)范，是表現(xiàn)對(duì)他人尊重和理解的過(guò)程和手段。。禮儀中的禮字指的是尊重，尊重自己，尊重他人，而禮儀中的儀就是儀式，是一種尊重自己，尊重他人的表現(xiàn)形式。它是人際交往中必不可少的一種手過(guò)程，是塑造形像的手段，是人們生
活和社會(huì)交往中逐漸形成的行為規(guī)范和禮儀規(guī)范。
禮儀的種類分有多種，主要有以下大類：
1.古代禮儀。中國(guó)自古以來(lái)就是禮儀之邦，禮儀文明作為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的一個(gè)重要組成部分，對(duì)中國(guó)社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展起了廣泛深遠(yuǎn)的影響，其內(nèi)容是十分豐富的，很多古代禮儀文化到今天仍然有積極、普片意義的文明禮儀，如：尊老敬賢，儀尚適宜，禮貌待人，容儀有整。尊老敬賢，我國(guó)自原始社會(huì)就已經(jīng)逐漸形成的禮儀，在古代社會(huì)，人際的政治倫理關(guān)系均以氏族、家庭的血緣關(guān)系為紐帶，故此在家庭里面遵從祖上，在社會(huì)尊敬長(zhǎng)輩，是古代禮儀的典型例子。而由于中國(guó)古代社會(huì)推崇禮治和仁政，敬賢已經(jīng)成為一種歷史的要求。孟子說(shuō)：養(yǎng)老尊賢，俊杰在位，則有慶古代這種傳統(tǒng)禮儀，對(duì)于形成有序和諧的倫理關(guān)系，不管過(guò)去和現(xiàn)代，都起著重要作用。儀尚適宜，，是指一些中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的各種特定的禮俗和規(guī)定。每個(gè)諸如春節(jié)，元宵，中秋都有其各自的禮俗和講究。在今天我們依然保持著這些優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)，并且貴在適宜，如《二程集》中所說(shuō)奢自文生，文過(guò)則奢，不足為儉，可見，儀式的規(guī)模在于得當(dāng)，避免奢侈浪費(fèi)。禮貌待人，是任何一個(gè)文明社會(huì)，任何一個(gè)文明民族都十分重視的。因?yàn)槎Y貌是人類社會(huì)構(gòu)建起與他人和睦相處的橋梁，它標(biāo)志這一個(gè)社會(huì)的文明程序，是中華民族文化的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。容儀有整，是其修養(yǎng)、文明程度的表現(xiàn)。古人認(rèn)為，容儀有整不僅是能夠保持個(gè)人的尊嚴(yán)，還有助于進(jìn)德修業(yè)。它反映出一個(gè)人的修養(yǎng)和生活態(tài)度。
2.禮儀的第二大類是社交禮儀。社交禮儀，顧名思義，就是指現(xiàn)代人際交往中流行的各種禮儀，如服務(wù)禮儀，商務(wù)禮儀，學(xué)校禮儀，職場(chǎng)工作禮儀等，它概括了在現(xiàn)代社交場(chǎng)合中各種禮儀行為。社交禮儀是指人們?cè)谌穗H交往過(guò)程中所具備的基本素質(zhì)，交際能力等。社交在當(dāng)今社會(huì)人際交往中發(fā)揮的作用愈顯重要。通過(guò)社交，人們可以溝通心靈，建立深厚友誼，取得支持與幫助；通過(guò)社交，人們可以互通信息，共享資源，對(duì)取得事業(yè)成功大有獲益。社交禮儀是指在人際交往和國(guó)際交往活動(dòng)中，用于表示尊重、親善和友好的首選行為規(guī)范和慣用形式。這一定義包含了以下幾層意思：第一，社交禮儀是一種道德行為規(guī)范。規(guī)范就是規(guī)矩、章法、條條框框，也就是說(shuō)社交禮儀是對(duì)人的行為進(jìn)行約束的條條框框，告訴你要怎么做，不要怎么做。如你到老師辦公室辦事，進(jìn)門前要先敲門，若不敲門就直接闖進(jìn)去是失禮的。社交禮儀比起法律、紀(jì)律，其約束力要弱得多，違反社交禮儀規(guī)范，只能讓別人產(chǎn)生厭惡[2]，別人不能對(duì)你進(jìn)行制裁，為此，社交禮儀的約束要靠道德修養(yǎng)的自律。 第二，社交禮儀的直接目的是表示對(duì)他人的尊重。尊重是社交禮儀的本質(zhì)。人都有被尊重的高級(jí)精神需要，當(dāng)在社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)過(guò)程中，按照社交禮儀的要求去做，就會(huì)使人獲得尊重的滿足，從而獲得愉悅，由此達(dá)到人與人之間關(guān)系的和諧。 第三，社交禮儀的根本目的是為了維護(hù)社會(huì)正常的生活秩序。沒(méi)有它，社會(huì)正常的生活秩序就會(huì)遭到破壞，在這方面，它和法律、紀(jì)律共同起作用，也正是因?yàn)檫@一目的，無(wú)論是資本主義社會(huì)還是社會(huì)主義社會(huì)都非常重視社交禮儀規(guī)范建設(shè)。 第四，社交禮儀要求在人際交往、社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)中遵守。這是它的范圍，超出這個(gè)范圍，社交禮儀規(guī)范就不一定適用了
二、禮儀對(duì)未來(lái)職業(yè)生涯的影響分析
商務(wù)禮儀能展示企業(yè)的文明程度、管理風(fēng)格和道德水準(zhǔn)，塑造企業(yè)形象。良好的企業(yè)形象是企業(yè)的無(wú)形資產(chǎn)，無(wú)疑可以為企業(yè)帶來(lái)直接的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。一個(gè)人講究禮儀，就會(huì)在眾人面前樹立良好的個(gè)人形象；一個(gè)組織的成員講究禮儀，就會(huì)為自己的組織樹立良好的形象，贏得公眾的贊譽(yù)�，F(xiàn)代市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)除了產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)外，更體現(xiàn)在形象競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。一個(gè)良好信譽(yù)和形象的公司或企業(yè)，就容易獲得社會(huì)各方的信任和支持，就可在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中處于不敗之地。
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告6
一、選題來(lái)源、目的和意義：
本選題重在研究中西文化之間的差異以及這些差異對(duì)商務(wù)談判的影響，最后得出商務(wù)談判應(yīng)該采用的策略。
隨著我國(guó)加入WTO，國(guó)際貿(mào)易和對(duì)外交往將日益頻繁，國(guó)家與國(guó)家之間、企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間、個(gè)人與個(gè)人之間，由于存在經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的協(xié)調(diào)，無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)處不需要談判。出口商和進(jìn)口商要消除分歧，達(dá)成一項(xiàng)公平的相互之間滿意的交易，大多是通過(guò)商務(wù)談判才能做到的。因此與外界交往合作的主要方式 —— 跨文化商務(wù)談判在社會(huì)、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的地位越來(lái)越重要。因此，和外商談判打交道的時(shí)候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的細(xì)節(jié)，那些都有可能是成敗的關(guān)鍵。只有正確探悉、學(xué)習(xí)和熟悉不同國(guó)家的文化差異，意識(shí)到他們的重要性，才能更好地探討商務(wù)談判的策略，為最后談判的成功奠定基礎(chǔ)和提供理論依據(jù)。
二、課題的主要內(nèi)容(項(xiàng)目概要)：
1.談判與文化的綜述
2.文化差異因素對(duì)國(guó)際商務(wù)談判的影響
2.1 語(yǔ)言和非語(yǔ)言差異的影響
2.2 思維方式差異的影響
2.3 價(jià)值觀念差異的影響
3.應(yīng)對(duì)商務(wù)談判文化差異問(wèn)題的'對(duì)策
3.1 樹立跨文化的談判意識(shí)
3.2 談判前做好充足的準(zhǔn)備
3.3 懂得談判對(duì)方的語(yǔ)言
3.4 對(duì)待文化問(wèn)題應(yīng)持有的態(tài)度
4.結(jié)尾
三、實(shí)施計(jì)劃(設(shè)計(jì)工作的主要階段、進(jìn)度和完成時(shí)間等)：
11月11日 畢業(yè)論文動(dòng)員大會(huì)
11月12日-12月1日 下達(dá)任務(wù)書
12月 2日-12月31日 確定論文題目
1月1日—1月31日 進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)資料的收集、篩選、做讀書筆記。
2月1日—2月28日 完成論文詳細(xì)提綱，交指導(dǎo)老師修改，補(bǔ)充。
3月1日—3月30日 進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文初稿寫作。
4月1日—5月19日 畢業(yè)論文修改。
5月20日—6月5日 畢業(yè)論文定稿、裝訂、答辯。
四、參考文獻(xiàn)：
<1>李信，《中西方文化比較概論》，航空工業(yè)出版社，20xx.6
<2>李郁、張泳，淺談國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中的跨文化問(wèn)題及對(duì)策[J]，商業(yè)研究，20xx.7
<3>廖瑛，《外貿(mào)談判英語(yǔ)》，對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)出版社，20xx.2
<4>肖云南，《國(guó)際商務(wù)談判》，清華大學(xué)和北方交通大學(xué)出版社，20xx.5
<5>楊晶，《商務(wù)談判》，清華大學(xué)出版社，20xx.1
<6>姚立，《商務(wù)談判—理論、實(shí)務(wù)、風(fēng)格》，中國(guó)城市出版社，20xx.3
<7>袁其剛，《國(guó)際商務(wù)談判》，山東人民出版社，20xx.2
英語(yǔ)論文開題報(bào)告7
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century，translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on，schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies（DTS）。
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore，translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison，and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation，description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice，from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies，brainstorming and the revision，to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data，some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function，process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard，my observations are limited to several aspects，I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function，process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation，multiple translation，translationese，norm etc.
2.2 Methodolgy
2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 Case study
In this part，translation of The Dream of Red Mansions（also translated as The Story of The Stone）will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 Conclusion
based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study，possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
�。∟ote：While the topic will remain the same，the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.）
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